Unit 4 Study Guide! Chpt 10:

  1. Distinguish between old-growth and second-growth forests and give one example of each. Distinguish between a second-growth forest and a tree farm.
  1. List five reasons why forests are commercially important. List five reasons forests are ecologically important.
  1. Summarize the range of estimates of rates of tropical deforestation. Explain why there is so much variation among estimates. List five ways that tropical forests touch lives in the temperate zones. Summarize the impact of deforestation on some of the world's indigenous cultures. Describe a plan to protect indigenous peoples.
  1. List three factors underlying causes of tropical deforestation. List six human activities which actually destroy the tropical forests. Evaluate Japan's environmental track record. Summarize the fuelwood crisis.
  1. List four types of tree harvesting, indicating which type of management they are most likely to be used for.
  1. Distinguish among surface fires, crown fires, and ground fires. Summarize threats to forests from fires, pathogens, and air pollution and strategies for dealing with each threat.
  1. Distinguish among industrial forestry, "New Forestry," and sustainable forestry. List eight ways to move toward sustainable forestry management. List at least five ways to reform federal forest management. List three ways to reduce demand for wood products. Explain the roles that straw and kenaf can play in reducing demand for wood.
  1. List ways to help reduce the interlocking problems of tropical deforestation and the fuelwood crisis. Address scientific data collection, economic strategies, policy-making strategies, cultural strategies, and strategies to reduce demand for fuelwood.
  1. Summarize Costa Rica's efforts to protect and restore forests. Evaluate the "debt-for-nature" experiment in Bolivia. Describe one case where individual actions made a difference in helping to reduce forest destruction.
  1. Define wilderness. Describe a biosphere reserve. Summarize the status of the national Wild and Scenic Rivers System and the National Trails System.
  1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of whole ecosystem and species-by-species approaches to increasing sustainability. Explain how gap analysis can be used as a tool to improve conservation efforts.

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach1

Key Terms:

aesthetic value (p. 193)

bequest value (p. 193)

buffer zone concept (p. 213)

clear-cutting (p. 198)

community forestry (p. 196)

conservation concession (p. 207)

conservation easements (p. 210)

creaming (p. 198)

creating artificial ecosystems (p. 217)

crown fires (p. 201)

debt-for-nature swap (p. 207)

ecological restoration (p. 217)

ecoregion (p. 213)

ecoregional conservation (p. 214)

existence value (p. 193)

ground fires (p. 201)

habitat corridors (p. 212)

Healthy Forest Restoration Act

instrumental value (p. 193)

intrinsic value (p. 193)

Kenaf (p. 203)

land trust groups (p. 212)

Nature Conservancy (p. 212)

nonuse values (p. 193)

old-growth forests (p. 194)

overgrazing (p. 209)

pastures (p. 208)

prescribed burning (p. 201)

rangelands (p. 208)

rehabilitation (p. 217)

replacement (p. 217)

restoration (p. 217)

rewilding (p. 214)

riparian zones (p. 209)

rotational grazing (p. 209)

savannization (p. 207)

second-growth forests (p. 194)

selective cutting (p. 197)

slash (p. 201)

strip cutting (p. 199)

surface fires (p. 200)

tree plantation (farm) (p. 194)

undergrazing (p. 209)

US Wilderness Act of 1964 (p. 217)

use values (p. 193)

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach1

1

Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach

Chapter 11:

  1. Describe the economic, medical, scientific, ecological, and aesthetic, recreational, and ethical significance of wild species. Define biophilia. Summarize your position toward protection of different species.
  1. Describe the general process of extinction. Compare past extinctions to present extinctions. Start with E. O. Wilson's estimates for habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. Calculate a range of estimations of biodiversity loss based on high and low assumptions.
  1. Distinguish among local extinction, ecological extinction, and biological extinction. Distinguish between threatened and endangered species.
  1. List nine characteristics that make species extinction prone.
  1. List three root causes of extinction of wildlife. List eight human activities which directly increase the wildlife extinction rate. Summarize the condition of the world's fisheries and the causes of those conditions.
  1. State and briefly describe the most far-reaching international treaty to protect wildlife. List four strategies that have been used recently to weaken the Endangered Species Act. List three recommendations for strengthening the Endangered Species Act. State three guidelines that conservation biologists would use to set determine "priority species."
  1. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using wildlife refuges, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos to protect wildlife.
  1. Describe how wildlife populations can be managed by manipulating the successional stage of the habitat and
  1. by sport hunting. Evaluate whose interests are generally the most influential in determining wildlife management priorities.
  2. Explain how bioinformatics is being used to help protect wild species.
  1. Describe freshwater and marine fishery management and how it can be improved. Analyze the lessons to be learned from the decline of the whaling industry.

1

Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach

Key Terms:

arboretums (p. 244)

behavioral characteristics (p. 223)

biotic pollution(p. 233)

butterfly farms (p. 244)

captive breeding (p. 244)

Convention on Biological Diversity

Convention on International Trade in Endangered

ecological extinction (p. 223)

ecosystem approach (p. 242)

ecotourism (p. 228)

egg pulling (p. 244)

endangered species (p. 223)

Endangered Species Act of 1973

Endemic species (p. 229)

environmental indicators (p. 232)

feral cats (p. 235)

gene (seed) banks (p. 244)

habitat conservation plans (HCPs)

Habitat fragmentation (p. 230)

Habitat island (p. 230)

HIPPO (p. 229)

hot spots (p. 226)

instrumental value (p. 227)

intrinsic (existence) value (p. 228)

kudzu vine (p. 233)

outdoor pet cats (p. 235)

Precautionary approach (p. 236)

reconciliation ecology (p. 245)

red lists (p. 225)

safe harbor agreements (p. 241)

speciation crisis (p. 227)

Species (CITES) (p. 240)

species-area relationship (p. 225)

theory of island biogeography

threatened (vulnerable) species

voluntary candidate conservation

agreements (p. 242)

wild (feral) boars (p. 235

1

Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach

Chpt 12

  1. Discuss the importance of aquatic systems research and its potential environmental and economic benefits. Describe the ecological services provided by aquatic systems.
  1. Discuss how humans have impacted aquatic systems, and how these actions have affected aquatic resource availability.
  1. Describe the problems associated with marine environment protection. Discuss the roles of legislation, regulation, and economic pressures.
  2. Describe freshwater and marine fishery management and how it can be improved. Analyze the lessons to be learned from the decline of the whaling industry.
  1. Distinguish between coastal and inland wetlands. Describe the ecological functions performed by wetlands. Describe environmental problems associated with coastal and inland wetlands.
  1. Discuss the problems caused by human development of lake and river resources, including eutrophication, introduction of alien species, and management for flood control and power generation. Describe how some rivers are being protected from development.

Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity1

Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity1

Key Terms

Asian carp (p. 266)

Asian swamp eel (p. 252)

baleen whales (p. 257)

bycatch (p.253)

cetaceans (p. 257)

comanagement (p. 262)

commercial extinction (p. 253)

exclusive economic zones (p. 259)

high seas (p. 259)

integrated coastal management

large marine systems (p. 262)

marine protected areas (p. 259)

marine reserves (p. 259)

maximum sustained yield (MSY)

mitigation banking (p. 263)

multispecies management (p. 262)

optimum sustained yield (OSY)

precautionary principle (p. 262)

purple loosestrife (p. 252)

quagga mussel (p. 266)

reconciliation ecology (p. 256)

recreational rivers (p. 268)

research frontier (p. 250)

scenic rivers (p. 268)

sea lampreys (p. 266)

toothed whales (p. 257)

wild rivers (p. 268)

Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity1