Class:______Name:______
Unit 2 - Cells and SystemsTopic 1 – Living Organisms
1. Characteristics of living organisms are:
A.______.
B.______.
C.______.
D.______.
E.______.
2. Systems are made up of ______. All major organs are made from
______. The basic unit of every system is the ______. The
______is the smallest thing that scientists consider to be ______.
3. On pages 100 and 101, there are examples of three systems. In flow chart form, show how
these systems work.
Topic 2 – Microscopes and Cells
A World Too Small To See
1. The human eye can only see objects .
a) Which circle appears to be a solid colour for you? ______.
b) Is this circle really made up of dots too? .
Early Microscopes
2. One early scientist to see single celled organisms, “animalcules”, was the Dutch linen merchant, ______.
3. An English Scientist, looked at a piece of and saw little boxes he called .
Cells in All Living Things
4. Two German scientists and
combined their observations to make a
hypothesis. The hypothesis stated:
·
and from this hypothesis they suggested that:
· because
.
5. Rudolf Virchow formed the basis of a set of hypotheses called the
.
Two important points if this theory are:
· .
· .
Microscopes Today
6. Compound light microscopes have lenses. The best light microscope can magnify objects as much as .
7. The first electron microscope was built in Germany in 1932 and could magnify up to .
A Valuable Tool
8. The first practical electron microscope was developed by two Canadians at the . They were and
. This microscope could magnify up to .
9. Today’s electron microscopes can magnify up to .
Using a Microscope
10. Label the Compound Light Microscope provided by your teacher.
Topic 3 – The Cell and Its Structures
1. Multicellular organisms are living things that .
Unicellular organisms are living things that .
2. By studying we can understand the
and of cells in
.
Cell Parts viewed With a Light Microscope:
3. Cells of multicellular organisms fit together in much the same way as a building is made of
.
Cell Parts:
4. Structures inside the cell are known as . Each organelle has a role to
play in the .
5. There are SIX organelles we will study in this unit. Name each one and describe its
characteristics.
A. Cell Membrane
· Surrounds the cell
·
·
B.
·
·
·
·
C.
·
·
·
·
·
D.
·
·
·
E.
·
·
·
·
F.
·
·
·
·
6. Label the following cells with the letters of the appropriate structures identified in question #5.
Cell Size and Function:
7. Small organisms are made of small microscopic cells; large organisms are made up of cells.
8. Cells need a constant supply of . They also to .
9. All materials have to and the cell through the
.
10. Using the idea of a swimming pool (page 125) explain why most cells are microscopic.
11. If a cell were the size of a large school then the organelles would range in size from to .
Small, Smaller, Smallest:
12. Cells do vary in size. This size is determined by the size in which they
. To grow larger organisms cells to their body rather than .
13. In one (1) millimetre there are micrometres.
14. In the diagram below label the probable width of each of the cells.
___µm ___µm ___µm
Topic 4 - Fluid Movement in Cells
The Cell Membrane
1. The structure of the cell membrane determines whether it is ______, ______, or ______.
2. Individual ______carry out the same activities as whole ______.
3. What is the difference between a selectively permeable, permeable, and impermeable membrane?
Diffusion
4. Explain why particles in liquids and gases are able to diffuse.
Diffusion in Cells
5. Diffusion plays a part in moving substances into and out of cells. Explain how this occurs using the example in Figures 2.13A&B.
Osmosis
6. The most common substance found inside and around cells is ______.
7. Explain how a dehydrated carrot becomes crisp once placed in water for several hours.
Fluid Movement in Plants
8. Plants require ______to make ______in the process of ______.
9. How does water get from soil into the plants?
10. How do the roots of the plants obtain the sugars they need from the plants’ leaves?
From Root to Leaf
11. When the concentration of water in the soil is ______than the concentration of water in the root cells, water enters the root hairs by ______.
12. Water is transported by ______tissue into the stems and the leaves.
13. Most photosynthesis takes place in a layer of cells in the leaf that are filled with ______.
14. Why are many leaves typically flat and thin?
15. ______allow air to enter the leaf, supplying the ______the cells need for ______and the carbon dioxide they need for ______.
Transpiration
16. The loss of water from a plant through evaporation is called ______.
17. When does the process of transpiration become a problem?
Pulling and Pushing
18. Water drawn into the root hairs by osmosis ______slender water columns up the plant.
19. Water lost form the leaves by transpiration ______water up the ______tissues from the roots.
20. Label the diagram of a typical leaf structure provided by your teacher.
Topic 5 Cell - Specialization and Organization
Specialized Cells
1. Different cells that have different appearances and perform different jobs are said to be ______for particular tasks.
2. Provide two examples of specialized cells in the human body. What are their roles?
3. The shapes of plant and animal cells are related to their functions. Provide two examples where this is evident. Be sure to include the function.
The Advantages of Being Multi-cellular/ Cell Organization
4. Name two disadvantages of being unicellular.
5. Name four advantages of being multi-cellular.
6. Cells with the same structure and function are grouped into ______.
7. Groups of different tissues form ______.
8. Organs work together in ______.
9. Systems work together to form an organism, an arrangement which forms several different ______in living things.
Tissues
10. What are tissues?
11. Name each type of tissue.
______moves parts of the body
______carries signals between the brain and other body parts to co-ordinate activities.
______(bone) connects and supports different parts of the body; may be solid or fluid
______(skin) protects the outside of the body and also covers internal structures, such as the intestines.
12. Provide three descriptions of connective tissues.
Organs
13. What is an organ?
14. Each organ is made of several ______working together to perform particular functions.
15. Briefly describe three human organs and their functions.
16. Provide three examples of animal organs, and three examples of plant organs.
Systems
17. ______form systems to perform activities that help plants and animals function as a whole.
18. Plants have ______main systems. Describe each system’s function.
19. When do plants use a third system? What can this system include?
Topic 6 – Body Systems in Humans
1. Name the three organ systems that supply the body with food and oxygen for energy.
2. Describe the function of each of the systems from question #1.
3. Describe the route taken by air as it enters the respiratory system.
4. Name the three main types of blood vessels.
5. Where does diffusion of oxygen occur between the respiratory and circulatory systems?
6. Where does the exchange of food from the digestive system to the circulatory system occur?
7. Dissolved food particles pass from the ______into the ______by a process called ______.
8. How are alveoli and villi alike?
9. Filtering waste materials from the ______is the main function of the ______system. The key organs in this system are your two ______.
10. Nearly ____ percent of your body heat is lost through the ______. Most of the rest of your body heat is lost through your ______.
11. Describe two examples of how your body cools itself down.
12. Describe two examples of how your body warms up.
13. To keep your body temperature stable, your ______, ______, and ______all function together.
14. Working together, your ______, ______, and ______adjust your blood flow and muscle activity.
15. Your body’s responses to stimuli are co-coordinated by the ______system and the ______system.
Topic 7 – Body Systems and Your Health
1. The ______works continuously to deliver ______and to remove ______from every cell of our bodies.
2. The blood vessels of the ______system form a complex network linking the ______environment with the ______environment of the body.
3. About ____ percent of an adults body weight is blood.
4. Complete the following table with the components of blood:
Component / Percentage of Blood (by volume) / Main FunctionPlasma
Carry Oxygen
White Blood Cells
Cause blood to clot (thicken) at site of wounds to prevent blood loss.
5. Disorders of the ______system are the leading cause of death in North America.
6. One disorder is high blood pressure (hypertension) which can lead to ______and ______.
7. Blood pressure indicates several things about the health of the circulatory system. Name five.
8. Certain conditions such as ______, ______, ______, lack of ______, and a poor ______put people at risk of disorders of the circulatory system.
9. Some foods provide energy and materials for cell ______, ______, and ______.
10. Starch and ______are carbohydrates and provide the body with its main source of energy.
11. Why should starch be the main carbohydrate in a diet?
12. Name two functions of fat in the body.
13. What function do proteins have in the body?
14. One disorder of the digestive system is colon cancer. Name two contributing factors of colon cancer.
15. Long-term emotional stress, ______, or excessive use of ______, or aspirin can lead to peptic ulcer.
16. Your respiratory system is lined with cells with ______. These ______beat continuously to remove airborne particles.
17. Briefly explain the steps in getting the respiratory disorder, emphysema.
18. Name three disorders of the respiratory system that are caused by smoking.
19. What are the 5 essential needs to maintain healthy organs and systems?
Science 8 AJHS/CHHS - 2002 AJHS