Supplementary material

SFig.1 i) Geopotential height (m) composite mean, ii) Vector wind (ms-1) at 850 hPa on 9 March 2014, iii) 1000 hPa Air temperature (K) composite anamoly (1981-2010 climatology) and iv) Columnar precipitable water (kg m-2) composite anomaly (1981-2010 climatology) on 9 March 2014 as obtained from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis

SFig.2 a) Sea level pressure and winds at 900 hPa; Geopotential heights along with b) Winds at 850 hPa, c) Winds at 500 hPa and d) Winds at 200 hPa at 20 GMT on 08 March 2014 or 0130 hr IST on 09 March 2014

SFig.3 a) Equivalent potential temperature, θE, 0K b) wind vectors, ms-1 c) vertical velocity, ms-1 and d) moisture convergence, g kg-1 s-1 at 900 hPa and at 1100 hr IST on 09 March 2014

SFig.4 Same as SFig.3 at 900 hPa but for 1200 hr IST

SFig.5 Same as SFig.3 at 900 hPa but for 1230 hr IST

SFig.6 Same as SFig.3 at 900 hPa but for 1330 hr IST

SFig.7 Same as Fig.3 at 900 hPa but for 1400 hr IST

SFig.8 Same as Fig.3 at 900 hPa but for 1430 hr IST

SFig.9 Vertical velocity, ms-1 at a) 850 hPa, b) 650 hPa, c) 500 hPa and d) 200 hPa at 1330 hr IST (8 GMT) on 9 March 2014

SFig.10 Same as Fig.14 but for vertical component of vorticity, s-1*10-4

SFig.11 Time-height cross-section of wind vectors and vertical wind (shaded) at a location (19.50N, 75.50E) lying on the convergence boundary of the cold front.

SFig.12 Same as Fig.17 but for ice mixing ratio, g kg-1

SFig.13 Time series of a) sea level pressure (SLP), hPa, b) wind speed (ms-1) at 10 m, c) air temperature (0C) at 2 m and d) mixing ratio (g kg-1) of water vapor at 2 m at a location (19.50N, 75.50E)

SFig.14 Time series of a) CAPE, J kg-1, b) CINE, J kg-1, c) LCL, m and d) LFC, m at a location (19.50N, 75.50E)

SFig.15 Time series of a) cumulative rainfall, mm, b) PBLH, m, c) LHF, Wm-2, and d) SHF, Wm-2 at a location (19.50N, 75.50E)

SFig.16 Comparison of a) simulated (at 0800 GMT) and b) observed rainfall (QPE) images derived from Kalpana-1 at 0800 and 0900 GMT

SFig.17 Comparison of simulated and observed rainfall (QPE) images derived from Kalpana at 1000 GMT

SFig.18 Same as SFig.17 but at 1200 GMT

SFig.19 Same as SFig.17 but at 1600 GMT

SFig.20 Radar reflectivity, dBZ at 3 km resolution from the model at 900 hPa at a) 6 GMT, b) 7 GMT, c) 8 GMT, d) 9 GMT, e) 10 GMT, and f) 11 GMT on 09 March 2014. IST=GMT+05:30

SFig.21 Radar reflectivity, dBZ at 1 km resolution from the model at 8 GMT at a) 900 hPa b) 850 hPa, c) 700 hPa and, d) 650 hPa on 09 March 2014