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Essentials of Geology
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Chapter 1
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An Introduction to Geology
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1)
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What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?
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A)
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physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past
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B)
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historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface
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C)
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physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past
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D)
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none of the above – physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same
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Answer:
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B
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2)
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______was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his writings and teachings on natural philosophy and on the workings of Earth.
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A)
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Nero
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B)
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Odysseus
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C)
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Aristotle
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D)
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Pappagapolis
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Answer:
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C
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3)
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Compared to the age of Earth accepted as correct today, how did 17th and 18th century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age?
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A)
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They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates
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B)
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They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years.
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C)
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They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates
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D)
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None of the above — they didn't really address the age of Earth
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Answer:
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C
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4)
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Which one of the following observations and inferences is consistent with the idea of uniformitarianism?
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A)
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sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that sediment is moving downstream
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B)
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erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds
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C)
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lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawater
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D)
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all of the above
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Answer:
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A
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5)
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______was an important 18th century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism.
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A)
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Charles Lyell
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B)
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Isaac Newton
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C)
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James Hutton
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D)
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James Ussher
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Answer:
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C
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6)
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The currently accepted age of Earth is ______years.
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A)
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4.6 thousand
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B)
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6.4 trillion
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C)
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4.6 billion
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D)
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6.4 million
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 1
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7)
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Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition?
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A)
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strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils
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B)
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older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata
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C)
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older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale
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D)
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any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers
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Answer:
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D
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8)
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The ______division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.
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A)
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Paleocene
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B)
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Paleozoic
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C)
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Permian
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D)
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Proterozoic
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Answer:
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B
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9)
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The ______forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.
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A)
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asthenosphere
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B)
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lithosphere
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C)
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astrosphere
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D)
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eosphere
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Answer:
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B
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10)
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A ______is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.
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A)
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hypothesis
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B)
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generalization
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C)
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law
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D)
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theory
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Answer:
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D
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11)
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All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ______.
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A)
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the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement
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B)
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assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation
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C)
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the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts
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D)
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development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses
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Answer:
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B
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12)
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______rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.
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A)
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Sedimentary
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B)
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Indigenous
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C)
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Primary
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D)
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Igneous
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Answer:
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D
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13)
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______rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.
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A)
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Secondary
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B)
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Igneous
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C)
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Metamorphic
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D)
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Sedimentary
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Answer:
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D
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14)
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During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, direct observations showed that a glacier in Switzerland flowed forward in the downhill direction while its snout (terminus) was retreating higher up the valley? Which of the following explains these observations in a rational, scientific way?
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A)
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cooler temperatures meant slower forward glacier flow resulting in snout retreat
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B)
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the glacial hypothesis was finally accepted as a scientific theory
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C)
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rocky debris in the valley downhill from the snout was deposited by Noah's flood
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D)
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the melting rate of ice in the glacier exceeded the rate at which new snow and ice were added to the glacier
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Answer:
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D
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15)
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In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
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A)
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core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust
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B)
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inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
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C)
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inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
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D)
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core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
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Answer:
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B
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16)
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The ______refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.
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A)
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hydrosphere
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B)
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atmosphere
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C)
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biosphere
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D)
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asthenosphere
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Answer:
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C
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17)
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A ______system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves the system.
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A)
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closed
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B)
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open
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C)
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feedback
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D)
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equilibrated
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Answer:
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A
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18)
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______is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past."
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A)
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Biblical prophecy
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B)
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Uniformitarianism
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C)
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Aristotelian logic
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D)
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Catastrophism
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Answer:
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B
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19)
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______, a popular natural philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a firm belief in a very short geologic history for Earth.
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A)
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Ecospherism
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B)
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Exoschism
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C)
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Uniformitarianism
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D)
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Catastrophism
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Answer:
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D
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20)
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The ______proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud of gases and dust.
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A)
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Big Band theory
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B)
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Plate Tectonics theory
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C)
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Nebular hypothesis
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D)
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Heliocentric theory
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Answer:
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C
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21)
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The ______is not a part of the Earth's physical environment.
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A)
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solid Earth
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B)
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astrosphere
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C)
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hydrosphere
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D)
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atmosphere
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Answer:
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B
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22)
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______is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments.
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A)
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Weathering
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B)
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Lithification
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C)
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Subduction
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D)
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Metamorphism
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Answer:
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A
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23)
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Which one of the following statements is not correct?
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A)
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metamorphic rocks may melt to magma
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B)
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sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks
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C)
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magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks
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D)
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igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism
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A
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24)
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The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ______.
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A)
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basalt
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B)
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granite
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C)
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peridotite
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D)
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solid iron-nickel alloy
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D
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25)
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The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ______of the Earth.
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A)
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outer core
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B)
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crust
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C)
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inner core
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D)
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mantle
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Answer:
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D
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26)
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The ______is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior.
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A)
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inner core
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B)
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lithosphere
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C)
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mantle
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D)
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outer core
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Answer:
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D
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27)
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The ______is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
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A)
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crust
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B)
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outer core
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C)
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mantle
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D)
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inner core
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Answer:
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A
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28)
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All of the following provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earth's interior except for ______.
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A)
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diamond-bearing rocks
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B)
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slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now exposed at Earth's surface
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C)
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comets
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D)
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