TOEFL COURSEJuly 2005
IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
In our world there are several countries, which have their own style of life, culture, tradition and language. Among all such countries we observed that there is only one similarity to be matched. And that is the language they speak. Definitely English is an International language. Because almost every people of the country can understand and speak it easily. So where ever the matter of communication comes in our mind we think about their language. As English has got the importance in the entire world that everybody can understand and speak it very easily. So we must have to adopt it in our life too.
ALPHABETS/LETTERS
Some symbolic units, which are used to write a language as their accent is organized correctly.
There are two types of letters
CAPITAL:A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.
Small:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z.
There are thee kinds of letters
1. Vowels:Letters, which give some sound without audible jerk, friction or stoppage of breath, are called vowels letters. (Eg: A, E, I, O, U)
2.Consonant: Letters, which give some sound with stoppage of breath or jerk, are called consonants letters. (Eg: B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z)
3. Semi vowel / Semi consonant: English letters W,Y are called semi vowels/semi consonants letters due to their sound agreement.
(Note:- Every English letter posses vowel sound)
WORD
A group of some letters / alphabets that gives some meaning or some sense, is called a word.
WORDS BREAK-UP
Words are divided into two different classes called syllables. Syllables are decided according to pronunciation of a word.
- Mono syllable: Mono means one, a word, which is giving its complete sound in one attempt, is called a mono syllable. (Eg: I – Go – The – Four – Man and etc )
- Bi Syllable: A word, which is divided into two or more than two parts of its complete pronunciation, is called bi-syllable. (Eg: Teacher – Engineer – University and etc)
PHRASE
A group of two or more than two words that gives some specific meaning / sense but not a complete idea, is called a phrase. A phrase may be of different types.
Eg: My chairThat chair The chair up the stairs
(Note: A phrase is not a sentence but it is a part of a sentence)
Eg: I will go to Sukkur in the morning, at 6 O’clock, by auto Raksha, with my friend.
SENTENCE
A group of some words in a particular sequence that gives a complete idea or sense is called a sentence.
Eg: I am not going to disturb any one.
Where do you learn English?
(Note: A sentences is usually ends in a period (.), a question mark (?) or a sign of exclamation (!).
PARTS OF SENTENCE
There are two parts of sentence.
- Subject: The part of a sentence that names a person or an imperson we are talking about is called a subject of a sentence.
- Predicate: The part of a sentence, which gives some information about the subject of a sentence, is called predicate of a sentence.
Eg: Rohri is the biggest junction in Pakistan.
A hors is a very strong animal.
Unity makes the nation strong.
I discuss you about your subject.
(Note: A subject of a sentence may be a noun / pronoun)
GRAMMAR
A method of using words, phrases and sentences according to some particular rules / discipline of a language is called grammar.
Grammar = Method / Procedure / Rules / Discipline
There are nine parts of speech in grammar.
- Noun: A noun is a name of a person or an imperson. OR Noun is a naming word.
Every naming word is a noun that denotes (people, place, thing, bird, reptile, animal or time etc)
People:
Stages: Infant, baby, boy/girl, man/women, etc.
Relation: Son, daughter, brother, sister, etc.
Profession: Teacher, worker, student, etc.
Place: Class/room, building, Musavi road, Rohri/city, town, village, Sindh/province, Pakistan/country/state, Asia/continent, world, universe, etc.
Things: Physical objects, metal, chemical, fruit, food, cloth, vegetables, stationary, grocery, furniture, jewelry, medicine, plants, grain, material, etc.
Birds: Parrot, sparrow, peacock, etc.
Animals: Lion, goat, dog, bear, horse, etc.
Reptiles: Lizard, crocodile, snake, etc.
Time: Second, moment, minute, hour, clock, day, morning, evening, night, Sunday, week, fortnight,
Month, June, year, decade, century.
TYPES OF NOUN
There are two types of noun.
1. Countable Noun: A noun, which has its definite shape and size, is called countable noun. A countable noun always takes a number.
Eg: Dish – minute – apple – dog etc.
(Note:- Every name of person, place, specific thing, birds, reptiles, animals and specific time is countable)
2. Uncountable Noun: A noun, which does not have any definite shape and size, is called uncountable noun, and uncountable noun takes a word quantity but not number.
Eg: Sugar – flour – water – milk – air etc.
KINDS OF NOUN
There are five kinds of noun.
1. Common Noun: A noun, which is the name of a common term of a person or an imperson, is called a common noun. The word common usually means same/identical.
Eg:
People:
Stages: Infant, baby, boy/girl, man/women, etc.
Relation: Son, daughter, brother, sister, etc.
Profession: Teacher, worker, student, etc.
Place: Class/room, building, road, city, town, village, province, country/state, etc.
Things: Physical objects, metal, chemical, fruit, food, cloth, vegetables, stationary, grocery, furniture, jewelry, medicine, plants, grain, material, etc.
Birds: Parrot, sparrow, peacock, etc.
Animals: Lion, goat, dog, bear, horse, etc.
Reptiles: Lizard, crocodile, snake, etc.
Time: Second, moment, minute, hour, clock, day, morning, evening, night, Sunday, week, fortnight, month, June, year, decade, century.
2. Proper Noun: A noun, which denotes a name of a particular/unique person or imperson, is called a proper noun. A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.
Eg: Parveen Shakir, William Wordsworth, Parvez Musharaf, Sindh, Pakistan, Asia etc.
(Note:- Every common/proper noun is countable noun)
3. Material Noun: A noun, which denotes a name of a matter such as solid, liquid or gas, is called a material noun. A material noun usually has unspecific shape.
Eg:
Solid:Paper, cloth, meat, ice, hair, wood, carbon, stone, sand, dust, grass, cotton, and etc.
Liquid:Water, oil, juice, blood, milk, whey, cream, and etc.
Gas:Fire, air, smoke, steam, smell, heat, temperature and etc.
4. Abstract Noun: A noun, which denotes non-physical state/appearance, is called an abstract noun. An abstract noun has always an imaginary name of impersons. It is neither touchable nor seeable. It may be denoting a quality, a state or an action.
Eg:
Quality:Goodness, kindness, bravery, sincerity, honesty and etc.
State:Childhood, illness, poverty, weakness, youth, oldness, and etc.
Action:Movement, activity, smile, running, theft, doubt and etc.
(Note:- Every material/abstract noun is uncountable except some specific cases)
5. Collective Noun: A noun, which denotes a name of a group of a person or imperson, which is taken together and spoken as a whole, is called a collective noun.
Eg: Team, class, bunch, public, army, society, zoo, dozen, map, rush, library, gathering, gang, police, mob, crowd, audience, assembly, couple, committee, batch, organization, staff, crew, nursery, galaxy, union, hive, bundle, family, flock, jury, garden and etc.
(Note:- A collective noun may be countable or uncountable noun).
COUNTABLE NOUN WITH NUMBER
A countable noun takes number and there are two numbers (Singular and Plural)
Singular:A countable noun, which is only in number, is called a singular number.
Eg: Sun, boy, wife, dish, fly, try, chair, deer, man, tooth and etc.
Plural:A countable noun, which is more than one in number, is called a plural number.
Eg: Suns, boys, wives, dishes, flies, tries, chairs, deer, men, teeth and etc.
(Note:- A countable singular noun may have a/an before it)
Note for uncountable noun:- An uncountable noun is always a singular in quantity, its plural number is always avoided.
Eg: Water, milk, blood, meat, oil and etc.
GENDERS
Every language has their particular gender list/names. The word gender means sex (Male/Female). Nouns are classified into four different groups according to their gender differences.
1. Masculine gender: A noun, which denotes a name of a male sex, is called a masculine gender. A masculine gender is always considered in the living things.
Male gender is used in:
People:Boy, man, father, son, brother, uncle, king, poet, actor and etc.
Animal:Camel, horse, dog, lion, donkey, ox and etc.
Birds:Cock, rooster, peacock and etc.
Plants/Trees:Male tree, male neem, male date palm and etc.
2. Feminine gender: A noun, which denotes a name of a female sex, is called a feminine gender. A feminine gender is always a name of living things.
Female gender is used in:
People:Girl, woman, mother, daughter, sister, aunt, queen, poetess, actress and etc.
Animal:She/female camel, mare, bitch, lioness, ass, vix and etc.
Birds:Hen, female chicken, peahen and etc.
Plants/Trees:female tree, female neem, female date palm and etc.
3. Neuter gender: A noun, which denotes a name of neither a male nor a female sex, is called a neuter gender. A neuter gender is always a name of non-living things.
Eg: Nose, body, flower, class, stationary, car, water, environment, happiness and etc.
4. Common gender: A noun, which denotes either male or a female sex. A common gender is always a name of living things.
Eg: Student, child, infant, teacher, cousin, professor, relative, worker and etc.
POSSESSIVE NOUN / POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUN
A noun, which denotes an ownership or something belongs to someone, is called a possessive noun. A possessive noun is made by an apostrophe ( ‘ ) and (s) over a countable noun.
Eg: Boy’s The boy’s mother.The boy’s dress.The boy’s friend.
Man’s The man’s name. The man’s brother. The man’s job.
Bird’s The bird’s nest.The bird’s egg.The bird’s family.
(Note:- Uncountable nouns are avoided to denote by an apostrophe ( ‘ ) and (s), but they are denoted by a phrase / sentences as a possessive case).
Eg:The air’s weight.(X)The weight of air. ( )
The paper’s color.(X)The color of the paper.( )
PRONOUN
A word that is used as an agent or a new substitution in place of a noun is called a pronoun. A pronoun may stand as a subjective or objective case.
Eg:I, we, you, he, she, it, they, them, what, those, one, each, some, much, us, yourself, which, both, their, etc.
Eg:He comes to attend the class. = Ahmed comes to attend the class.
They are playing in the ground. = Boys are playing in the ground.
What moves faster than the car? = The train moves faster than the car.
Pronoun Noun
There are eight kinds of pronoun.
- Subject Pronoun: A pronoun, which stands in place of a subject noun, is called a subject pronoun. A subject pronoun denotes noun as speaking / listening character or as a topic.
Eg:I It is a subjective case of a first person who is speaking. (Singular)
(Common gender)
WeIt is plural of I. It is a subjective case of first persons. (Plural)
YouIt is second person who is / are listening.(Singular / Plural)
He It is third person, we are talking about.(Singular)
(Masculine)
She It is third person, we are talking about.(Singular)
(Feminine)
It It is third imperson, we are talking about.(Singular)
(Neuter)
They It is third person / imperson, we are talking about.(Plural)
(Common gender)
2.Object Pronoun: Pronoun, which are used instead of an object noun is called object pronoun.
Eg:Subject pronoun Object pronoun
IMe
YouYou
WeUs
HeHim
SheHer
ItIt
TheyThem
3.Possessive Pronoun: A pronoun, which is used in place of a possessive noun, is called a possessive pronoun. A possessive pronoun may be in the subject part or in the predicate part of a sentence.
Eg:Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs.
Possessive noun
Ahmed’s result is better than her friend.
Possessive pronoun
Mine is better than yours.
4.Demonstrative Pronoun: Pronouns, which are used to point out a specific person or an imperson, are called demonstrative pronoun. Demonstrative pronouns are used when the subject or object are already mentioned in the sentence.
Eg:ThisIt is used to point out person or an imperson that is near to approach usually in
present time.
That It is referred to point out a person or an imperson that is away from approach
in present or past time.
These It is plural of this.
ThoseIt is plural of that.
5.Reflexive Pronoun: A pronoun that is used instead of a reflexive noun is called a reflexive pronoun. A reflexive pronoun is used in the sentence when the subject and object of the sentence are same person or imperson.
Eg:Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Noun
Javed helps Javed.
Reflexive noun
Javed helps Javedself.
Reflexive pronoun
I help myself.
Note:Reflexive pronouns are also called Emphatic pronouns, when they are used to stress on saying. In such a case these pronouns stand between subject and predicate part.
Eg:I myself do this many times.
You yourself go there, we don’t ask.
It itself keeps on moving.
6. Interrogative Pronoun: Pronoun, which are refers to ask a question about person or
imperson, are called interrogative pronoun.
Eg:WhatIt is a subjective or an objective case of an imperson.
WhoIt is subjective and nominative case of person.
WhomIt is objective case of a person.
WhoseIt is possessive case of a person or imperson.
Which It is used in place of in specific person or imperson.
Why It describes a reason.
WhenIt enquires time period.
WhereIt denotes a place.
HowIt enquires a feeling, a manner or a procedure.
How many It is used to ask about indefinite number or quantity.
How much It is used to ask about indefinite number or quantity.
Note:When these interrogative pronouns are used in sentence the sentence ends in question mark.
7.Indefinite Pronoun:Pronouns, which are used to point out a person or use to point out unspecified person or imperson, are called indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronoun is used when a noun is unknown or uncertain.
Eg:SingularOne, one’s, any, every, each, either, neither, some, most, much, no,
none, nothing, Etc.
PluralBoth, few, many, some, several, most, all, a lot, etc.
8.Relative Pronoun:Pronouns, which are referred to join an independent clause to a dependent clause and also functions as a conjunction. A relative pronoun is used when the same noun is repeating as a subjective or objective case in the either clauses.
Eg:That, who, whose, whom, which, what, when, where.
Note:When the relative pronoun is used in a sentence, the sentence ends in a period.
3.VERB
A word, which denotes a state, an action or a mood of a noun or a pronoun, is called a VERB. A verb is always a main part of a sentence. It may or may not give meaning.
Eg:Go, be, play, copy, pen, address, study, do, have, might, ought, please, in, forward, buy, etc.
There are two kinds of Verb.
1.Non-action Verb:Verbs, which denote mood, time or voice of other verbs, are called non-action verbs. Non-action verbs generally denote state, but they do not give any meaning, when they are used in the sentence.
There are three types of Non-action Verb
VerbBe
Is, am, are, was, were, been,
OperatorsIndefinite Operators
Do, does, did,
Model VerbPeculiars
Has, have, had, can, could, will, shall, should, would, may, might, ought, must.
2.Action Verb:A verb, which denotes an action or a state of an action of a noun or a pronoun, is called an action verb. An action verb is always taken as the important part of a sentence and it gives a complete meaning when it is used in a sentence.
Eg:Like, study, find, sing, buy, pay, register, pen, copy, sale, read, etc.
INFINITIVE VERB
A base form of a verb, which does not possess a specific time, is called an infinitive verb.
Eg:Give/to give, Listen/to listen, Come/to come, Run/to run, etc.
She is trying to complete her work.
To study a subject is never difficult.
He had to write a letter.
VERB SHEET
Infinitive / Present Simple / Past Simple / PerfectIIIrd form / Progressive
Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural
Be / Is/Am / Are / Was / Were / Been / Being
Do / Does / Do / Did / Did / Done / Doing
Have / Has / Have / Had / Had / Had / Having
Play / Plays / Play / Played / Played / Played / Playing
Try / Tries / Try / Tried / Tried / Tried / Trying
Fly / Flies / Fly / Flew / Flown / Flown / Flying
Write / Writes / Write / Wrote / Wrote / Written / Writing
Some more types of Verbs
Regular/Weak Verbs
A verb, whose past simple form is made by adding (d), (ed) or by replacing (y) to (ied) is called a weak verb.
Eg:Wash, want, state, play, try, book, note, etc.
Infinitive / Present Simple / Past Simple / PerfectIIIrd form / Progressive
Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural
Wash / Washes / Wash / Washed / Washed / Washed / Washing
Want / Wants / Want / Wanted / Wanted / Wanted / Wanting
Play / Plays / Play / Played / Played / Played / Playing
Try / Tries / Try / Tried / Tried / Tried / Trying
Book / Books / Book / Booked / Booked / Booked / Booking
Note / Notes / Note / Noted / Noted / Noted / Noting
Irregular/Strong Verbs
Verb, which have their present and past simple form are different in spelling, are called irregular/strong verbs.
Eg:Be, do, have, cut, put, fly, write, etc.
Infinitive / Present Simple / Past Simple / PerfectIIIrd form / Progressive
Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural
Be / Is/Am / Are / Was / Were / Been / Being
Do / Does / Do / Did / Did / Done / Doing
Have / Has / Have / Had / Had / Had / Having
Cut / Cuts / Cut / Cut / Cut / Cut / Cutting
Put / Puts / Put / Put / Put / Put / Putting
Fly / Flies / Fly / Flew / Flown / Flown / Flying
Write / Writes / Write / Wrote / Wrote / Written / Writing
4.ADJECTIVE
A word used with a noun to describe or point out, the person, animal, place or thing which the noun names, or to tell the number or quantity, is called an Adjective.
So we may define an Adjective as a word used with a noun to add something for its meaning.
Adjective means added to.
Eg:Large, short, honest, old, new, much, little, enough, all, no, five, few, some, many, first, etc.
There are three kinds of Adjectives.