ACP Semester 2 Final ReviewName:
Directions: Write all definitions on a separate piece of paper. Use flashcards if desired.
Physical Science
Ch. 9 Motion
9.1 Describing and Measuring Motion
Define the following:
motion reference pointcenti-
International System of Units yard
milli- foot meter kilo-
Scientists around the world use the ______, a system of measurement based on the number ten.
An object is in ______when its distance from a(n) ______is changing.
The prefix that means “one hundredth” is ______.
A meter is a little longer than a ______.
The basic SI unit of length is the ______.
9.2 Speed and Velocity
Define the following:
Speedaverage speedinstantaneous speed
Velocityslope
9.3 Acceleration
Define the following:
Acceleration
1. What kind of motion does acceleration refer to?
2. How is acceleration calculated?
3. What graphs can be used to analyze the motion of an accelerating object?
4. Members of a track club are running a 1.5 km race. What is this distance in meters?
5. Your father is driving to the beach. He drives at one speed for two hours. He drives at a different speed for another two hours and a third speed for the final hour. How would you find his average speed for all five hours?
6. Two objects traveling at the same speed have different velocities if they…
7. An object used as a reference point to determine motion should be…
8. A change in position with respect to a reference point is called…?
9. You do not know an object’s velocity until you know its…?
10. If you know a car travels 30 km in 20 minutes, you can find its…?
11. Acceleration is a change in speed or…?
12. The rate at which velocity changes is called…?
13. What is the SI unit for acceleration?
14. What does the slope on a speed-versus-time graph represent?
15. A passenger walks toward the rear of a moving train. Describe her motion as seen from a reference point on the train. Then describe it from a reference point on the ground.
16. Which has a greater speed, a heron that travels 600m in 60seconds or a duck that travels 60m in 5seconds? Explain.
17. You have a motion graph for an object that shows distance and time. How does the slope of the graph relate to the object’s speed?
18. An insect lands on a compact disc that is put into a player. If the insect spins with the disc, is the insect accelerating? Why or why not?
19. Convert 119cm to meters.
20. Convert 22.4km to meters.
21. During a slap shot, a hockey puck takes 0.5second to reach the goal. It started from rest and reached a final speed of 35m/s. What is the puck’s average acceleration?
Ch. 10 Forces
10.1 The Nature of Force
Define the following:
ForceNewtonNet Force
Unbalanced Forcesbalanced forces
10.2 Friction and Gravity
Define the following:
Frictionstatic frictionsliding frictionrolling friction
Fluid frictiongravitymassweight
Free fallair resistanceterminal velocityprojectile
10.3 Newton’s First and Second Laws
Define the following:
InertiaNewton’s 1st LawNewton’s 2nd Law
10.4 Newton’s Third Law
Define the following:
Newton’s 3rd Lawmomentumlaw of conservation of momentum
10.5 Rockets and Satellites
SatelliteCentripetal force
22. When an unbalanced force acts on an object, what is the overall force?
23. Air resistance is what type of friction?
24. What is an example of a projectile?
25. The resistance of an object to any change in its motion is called what?
26. What is the formula for momentum?
27. Draw a picture of balanced and unbalanced forces.
28. Four children pull on the same toy at the same time, yet there is no net force on the toy. How is that possible?
29. Why do slippery fluids such as oil reduce sliding friction?
30. Will a flat sheet of paper dropped from a height of 2 m accelerate at the same rate as a piece of paper crumpled into a ball? Why or why not?
31. Explain how force, mass, and acceleration are related by Newton’s second law of motion.
32. Suppose you are an astronaut making a space walk outside your space station when your jet pack runs out of fuel. How can you use your empty jet pack to get you back to the station?
33. Draw a diagram showing the motion of a satellite around Earth. Label the forces acting on the satellite. Is the satellite accelerating?
34. Four children pull on the same toy at the same time, yet there is no net force on the toy. How is that possible?
35. Why do slippery fluids such as oil reduce sliding friction?
36. Will a flat sheet of paper dropped from a height of 2 m accelerate at the same rate as a piece of paper crumpled into a ball? Why or why not?
37.Explain how force, mass, and acceleration are related by Newton’s second law of motion.
38. Suppose you are an astronaut making a space walk outside your space station when your jet pack runs out of fuel. How can you use your empty jet pack to get you back to the station?
39. Draw a diagram showing the motion of a satellite around Earth. Label the forces acting on the satellite. Is the satellite accelerating?
40. What kind of friction allows you to walk without slipping?
41. You are moving fast on a skateboard when your wheel gets stuck in a crack on the sidewalk. Using the term inertia, explain what happens.
42. Look at the diagram below of two students pulling a bag of volleyball equipment. The friction force between the bag and the floor is 15N. What is the net force acting on the bag? What is the acceleration of the bag?
43. When you drop a golf ball to the pavement, it bounces up. Is a force needed to make it bounce up? If so, what exerts the force?
44. A 7.3-kg bowling ball accelerates at a rate of 3.7m/s2. What force acts on the bowling ball?
45. A 240-kg snow-mobile travels at 16m/s. The mass of the driver is 75kg. What is the momentum of the snowmobile and driver?
46. Use the formula for momentum to find the momentum of each ball before and after the collision. Assume the mass of each ball is 0.4 kg.
47. Find the total momentum before and after collision. Is the law of conservation of momentum satisfied in this collision? Explain.
48. The table below shows the mass and velocity of four animals. Which animal has the greatest momentum?
Life Science
Ch. 17 Respiration and Excretion
17.1 The Respiratory System
Define the following:
Respirationciliapharynxtrachea
Bronchilungsalveolidiaphragm
Larynxvocal cords
17.2 Smoking and Your Health
Define the following:
TarCarbon monoxidenicotine
Addictionbronchitisemphysema
Atherosclerosislung cancer
17.3 The Excretory System
Define the following:
Excretionureakidneyurine
Ureterurinary bladderurethranephron
49. What is the process by which your body processes glucose and oxygen?
50. The trachea divides into two tubes called what?
51. What is your voice produced by? (not the voice box)
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.
52. Dust particles trapped in mucus are swept away by tiny, hairlike alveoli.
53. Clusters of air sacs in the lungs are bronchi.
54. Tar is a chemical in tobacco smoke that makes the heart beat faster.
55. Urine leaves the body through the ureter.
56. Urine is stored in the urethra.
57. Explain the difference between breathing and respiration.
58. Explain how the alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange in the lungs.
59. Describe how the diaphragm and rib muscles work together to control inhaling and exhaling.
60. Describe what happens when carbon monoxide enters the body. How does this affect the body?
61. Explain two ways in which the kidneys help to maintain homeostasis in the body.
62. Explain how babies can develop smoking-related respiratory problems.
63. Do you think that drugstores, which sell medicines, should also sell cigarettes and other tobacco products? Why or why not?
64. If the walls of the capillary cluster in a nephron were damaged or broken, what substance might you expect to find in urine that is not normally present? Explain.
65. Which has a greater surface area, a cube that is 2 cm × 2 cm on a side, or eight cubes that are each 1 cm × 1 cm on a side? Show your work.
66. Use your knowledge of the excretory system and the information in the data table below to answer Questions 22–25.
67. Identify the major source of water loss during normal weather and the major source of water loss during hot weather.
68. How do the data for normal weather and hot weather show that the body is maintaining homeostasis?
69. What is the total amount of water lost on a hot-weather day? What is the total amount of water lost during extended heavy exercise?
70. Use the data to explain why it is important to drink a lot of water when you are exercising heavily.
Ch. 18 Fighting Disease
18.1 Infectious Disease
Define the following:
Pathogeninfectious diseasetoxin
18.2 The Body’s Defenses
Define the following:
Inflammatory responsephagocyteimmune responselymphocyte
T CellantigenB Cellantibody
AIDSHIV
18.3 Preventing Infectious Disease
Define the following:
Immunityactive immunityvaccination
Vaccineantibioticpassive immunity
18.4 Noninfectious Disease
Define the following:
Noninfectious diseaseallergyallergenhistamine
Asthmainsulindiabetestumor
Carcinogen
71. What is the name of the poisons that bacteria produce?
72. What do B Cells produce that will help the human body?
73. What is a common chemical that will kill or slow the growth of bacteria?
74. Very high levels of glucose in the blood can be a symptom of what noninfectious disease?
75. Carcinogens cause what type of noninfectious diseases?
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.
76. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists are the major human phagocytes.
77. A T cell engulfs pathogens and destroys them.
78. Vaccination produces active immunity.
79. During an allergic reaction, cells in the body release the chemical insulin.
80. A tumor is a mass of cancer cells.
81. List four ways in which a person can become infected with a pathogen.
82. Explain why it is difficult for pathogens to get to a part of the body in which they can cause disease.
83. What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?
84. Describe two ways in which active immunity is acquired. What do they have in common?
85. How does diabetes harm the body?
86. Identify two factors that can make a person likely to develop cancer.
87. Identify each structure labeled below and its role in the immune response.
88. Why is the immune system successful in fighting most pathogens but is unsuccessful in fighting HIV?
89. Compare and contrast active immunity and passive immunity. Then, describe one way in which a person can acquire each type of immunity.
90. What precautions can people take to decrease their risk of cancer?
91. Use the graph to answer Questions22–25.
A glucose tolerance test can check for diabetes. A doctor gives a patient a sugar drink and measures the blood glucose level over a 2 hour period. The graph below shows the results of this test for two people.
92. What was each person’s glucose level at the start of the test?
93. Which person’s blood glucose level rose more quickly during the first 30minutes?
94. Which person’s blood glucose level returned to near the starting level after 2hours? Which person’s blood glucose level remained elevated after 2hours?
95. Which person may have diabetes? Explain your answer.
Ch. 19 The Nervous System
19.1 How the Nervous System Works
Define the following:
Stimulusresponseneuronnerve impulse
Dendriteaxonnervesensory neuron
Interneuronmotor neuronsynapse
19.2 Divisions of the Nervous System
Define the following:
Central nervous systemperipheral nervous systembrain
Spinal cordcerebrumcerebellum
Brain stemsomatic nervous systemautonomic nervous system
Reflexconcussion
19.3 The Senses
Define the following:
Corneapupilirislensretina
Nearsightednessfarsightednesseardrumcochlea
semicircular canal
19.4 Alcohol and Other Drugs
Define the following:
Drugdrug abusetoleranceaddiction
Withdrawaldepressantstimulantanabolic steroid
Alcoholism
96. What is a change or signal in the environment called?
97. Draw and label all structures of a neuron.
98. Which structure links the brain and the peripheral nervous system together?
99. Which structure adjusts the size of the pupil?
100. Draw and label all structures of the eye.
101. What is it called when someone is physically dependent on a drug?
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.
102. A nerve message is also called a synapse.
103. The cerebrum is the part of the brain that controls involuntary actions.
104. In nearsightedness, a person can see distant objects clearly.
105. The cochlea is part of the inner ear.
106. Alcohol is a depressant.
107. Compare the functions of axons and dendrites.
108. How do the cerebrum and cerebellum work together when you ride a bicycle?
109. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
110. What is the result if the spinal cord is cut?
111. Describe how lenses in eyeglasses correct nearsightedness and farsightedness.
112. List in order all the structures in your ear that must vibrate before you hear a sound.
113. How do anabolic steroids affect the body?
The diagram below shows a synapse. Explain how a nerve impulse crosses the gap.
A person with normal vision stood at different distances from an eye chart and tried to identify the letters on the chart. The line graph gives the results.
114. What variable is plotted on the x-axis? On the y-axis?
115. As the distance from the eye chart increases, what happens to the percentage of letters identified correctly?
116. What was the manipulated variable in this experiment? What was the responding variable?
117. How would you expect the results to differ for a farsighted person? Explain.