Science

Earthquakes Chapter 11

Study Guide

  1. When rocks break, they move along surfaces called ______.
  1. An ______is the vibrations produced by the breaking of rock.
  1. Most earthquakes occur near ______.
  1. Three types of forces: ______, ______, and ______act on rocks.
  1. ______is the force that pulls rocks apart, and compression is the force that squeezes rocks together.
  1. ______is the force that causes rocks on either side of a fault to slide past each other.
  1. Along a ______, rock above the fault surface moves downward in relation to rock below the fault surface.
  1. If rock breaks from forces pushing from opposite directions, rock above a ______surface is forced up and over the rock below the fault surface.
  1. At a ______, rocks on either side of the fault are moving past each other without much upward or downward movement.
  1. The ______is an example of a strike-slip fault.
  1. Like the waves that travel through a rope, ______generated by an earthquake travel through Earth.
  1. When stress continues to build up until the elastic limit is exceeded, energy is released in the form of ______.
  2. The point where this energy release first occurs is the ______of the earthquake.
  1. Seismic waves are produced and travel outward from the earthquake ______.
  1. ______cause particles in rocks to move back and forth in the same direction that the wave is traveling.
  1. ______move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to move at right angles to the direction of wave travel.
  1. ______cause most of the destruction resulting from earthquakes.
  1. ______move rock particles in a backward, rolling motion and a side-to-side, swaying motion.
  1. The earthquake ______is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake focus.
  1. ______are the fastest,
  1. ______are slower,
  1. ______are the slowest.

Test 1: Tuesday, November 13th

  1. Seismic waves from earthquakes are measured with an instrument known as a ______.
  1. The paper record of the seismic event is called a ______.
  1. ______arrive first at seismograph stations,
  1. ______, which travel slower, arrive second.
  1. Because ______travel slowest, they arrive at seismograph stations last.
  2. The ______of each circle equals that station’s distance from the earthquake epicenter.
  1. The point where all three circles ______is the location of the earthquake epicenter.
  1. The most inner section of the Earth is called the ______.
  1. Earth’s ______is the largest layer, lying directly above the outer core.
  1. The mantle often is divided into an upper part and a lower part based on changing ______.
  1. A portion of the upper mantle, called the ______consists of weak rock that can flow slowly.
  1. The outermost layer of Earth is the ______.
  1. Together, the crust and a part of the mantle just beneath it make up earth’s ______.
  1. The bending of primary waves and the stopping of secondary waves create ______.
  1. This boundary between the crust and upper mantle is called the ______.
  1. Scientists who study earthquakes and seismic waves are ______.
  1. The height of the lines traced on the paper of a seismograph is a measure of the energy that is released, or the ______, of the earthquake.
  1. The ______is used to describe the strength of an earthquake and is based on the height of the lines on the seismogram.
  1. The modified ______describes the intensity of an earthquake using the amount of structural and geologic damage in a specific location.
  1. When wet soil acts more like a liquid during an earthquake, this is called ______.
  1. Ocean waves caused by earthquakes are called ______.