Supplementaldata.
Appendix e-1: Presurgical work-up
Presurgical evaluation consisted of an anatomical and electro-clinical correlation study, based on epilepsy history, neurological and neuropsychological examination, interictal and ictal EEG recordings and MRI. A stereotactic procedure including angiography and stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG)22 was performed in 33 cases (28 before 1996, only five afterwards). Based on SEEG data, the lesional zone (LZ) was defined by the presence of slow waves or depression of activity, the irritative zone (IZ) by interictal spiking and the epileptogenic zone (EZ) as the site of onset of clinical or subclinical spontaneous or electrically induced seizures.Intralesional recordings were available in 30 of these cases, 1 to 4 electrodes being placed within the tumor.In the three other cases, electrodes were located at the periphery. EZ was considered to be co-localized with the tumor when it wasconfined to pathological areas and more extensive when including both lesional and perilesional or remote areas.
Appendix e-2: Histologic analysis of the cortical specimen and DNT subtypes
Tumor resection was “en bloc” in 48 patients and fragmented in the others. Cortical samples were fixed in formalin and processed for paraffin sections. The whole corticectomy specimens were histologically examined in all cases after fixation in zinc-formalin, paraffin sections (4µ thick) and staining by Hemalun-Phloxin and Nissl-Luxol (Klüver-Barrera). Complementary immuno-histochemistry was done using antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), microtubule associated proteins (MAP2) andneuronal nuclei (NeuN). Dysplastic cortex was defined as abnormal cortical organization in correctly oriented cortical specimens and/or presence of neurons with atypical cytological appearance. Ectopic neurons in white matter adjacent to the tumor were considered abnormal when their number and extent exceeded those normally present in the sub-cortical white matter and/or in presence of grouping or cytological abnormalities.
All specimens were reviewed in order to confirm the diagnosis of DNT and to determine the histological subtype according to the following criteria: The “complex form” is characterized by a specific glioneuronal element (SGNE) associated with glial nodules (oligodendroglial, astrocytic, or both) and cortical dysplasia (CD),1 whereas the “simple form” consists of an SGNE only.2 The “non-specific form” includes a glial and dysplastic component similar to the one observed in the complex forms but the SGNE is absent.3 Neurons included in DNTs may exhibit an atypical appearance but, by definition, these tumors do not contain ganglion-like neurons.