Topic: Macromolecules

Essential Question:

What are macromolecules?

Macro means ______. Molecule means a group of 2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond.

Macromolecules:

Macromolecules includes:

Why are macromolecules also called carbon-based molecules?

Carbon is often called the building block of ______because carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things.

These molecules form the structure of living things and carry out most of the processes that keep organisms ______.

Carbon is so important because its atomic structure contains bonding properties that are unique among elements.Each carbon molecule has ______unpaired electrons in its outer energy ______.

Therefore, carbon atoms can form______bonds with up to four other ______, including other carbon atoms.

Carbon-based molecules have three fundamental structures—______

All three types are the results of carbon’s ability to form four covalent bonds.

In many carbon-based molecules, small molecules are ______or an entire molecule, like links in a chain.Each subunit in the complete molecule is called a______(mono= one).When monomers are linked, they form molecules called ______(poly= many).

What are Carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are molecules composed of ______, ______, ______and includes sugars and starches.

Function: Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells.

The most basic carbohydrates are simple sugars, or ______.

Many simple sugars have either five or six carbon atoms.Can bond together to make larger carbohydrates.

Disaccharide-

Polysaccharide-

Monosaccharides

______: Honey, tree fruits, berries, melons and some root vegetables have lots of fructose or “fruit sugar”.

______: Glucose is the main product of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration. It is an important source of energy for cells!

Disaccharides

______: This is table sugar! We get it mainly from sugarcane and sugar beets.

Polysaccharides

______: Starches are made and stored by plants, and they can be broken down as a source of energy by plant and animal cells.

______: Glycogen is known as “animal starch”. It is formed in muscles and the liver and can be broken down to make energy.

______: Cellulose is a building block in plant structure. Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells.

What are Lipids?

Lipids are ______molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.Most lipids contain chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Function:

1. ______energy for later use.

2. Part of a cell membrane.

3. Provide fat absorption and ______.

4. Produce______and vitamins.

Structure

All lipids contain a molecule called glycerol ______

bonded to molecules called ______.

Fatty acids are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Contains a Carboxyl ______group on the end.

Many lipids, both fats and oils, contain three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

They are called ______.

Saturated Fats

Most animal fats; SOLID.

Saturated because they have the maximum number of ______atoms possible. All carbon-carbon bonds are ______bonds.

Unsaturated Fats

Most plant fats; LIQUID.

Unsaturated because there are fewer hydrogen atoms ______.

At least one ______bond between carbon atoms.Creates kinks in the fatty acids preventing them from forming a ______.

Phospholipids

Found incell membranes. Consists of glycerol, two fatty acids, anda______(PO4-). The head is polar and the fatty acid tails are nonpolar

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a lipid that has a ring structure.Your body needs a certain amount of cholesterol to function.

Cholesterol is a part of cell membranes, and your body uses it to make steroid hormones. Cholesterol-based steroids have many functions. Some regulate your body’s response to ______and control development of the ______.

What are Proteins?

Proteins are the most varied of the carbon-based molecules in organisms.

Structure

A protein is a polymer made of monomers of ______.

Amino acids are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Organisms use ______different amino acids to build proteins.Your body can make 12 of the amino acids, the others come from foods you eat, such as meat, beans, and nuts.

All amino acids have similar structures.

Each amino acid monomer has a carbon atom that is bonded to ______other parts.

  • Three of these parts are the same in every amino acid: a ______atom, an ______group (NH2), and

a ______group (COOH).The _____ group is different in every amino acid.

Peptide Bonds

Amino acids form covalent bonds, called ______with each other.

The bonds form between the ______group of one amino acid and the______group of another amino acid.

Through peptide bonds, amino acids are linked into chains called polypeptides. A ______is one or more polypeptides.

Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.The specific sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s structure and function. If a protein has incorrect amino acids, the structure may change in a way that prevents the protein from working properly.

What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are polymers that are made up of monomers called ______.

Two types of nucleic acids: ______and ______.

Nucleic acids have just ONE function:

1. They work together to make proteins!

  • ______stores the information for putting amino acids together to make proteins.
  • ______helps to build proteins.
  • DNA is the basis for genes and heredity.Provides the code for the proper assembly of proteins.

Structure

Nucleotides ______

Composed of a ______, a ______group, and a ______-containing base.

Nitrogen bases are: Adenine, Thymine (only in DNA), Guanosine, Cytosine, and Uracil (only in RNA)