Unit 1 Introduction to Biology, Chemistry and Water. Test Friday
Chapters. 1-3 pages 1-46
Chapter 1
Key terms
Control Dependent variable Independent variable Hypothesis
Replication Randomness Theory Experimental group
Homeostasis Cell Organism Population
Community Ecosystem Biosphere Evolution
Atom Taxonomy Diversity Emergent property
Objectives
· Diagram the heirarchy of structural levels in biology.
· Briefly describe the unifying themes of biology
· Explain how science and technology are interdependent.
· Distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning.
· Write hypotheses meeting criteria given
· Design a controlled experiment while labeling parts.
· Analyze an experiment by determining and labeling parts.
Chapter 2
Key terms
Covalent bond Ionic bond Isotopes Ion
Proton neutron electron trace element
Polar bond non polar bond hydrogen bond half life
Objectives
· State the four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter and four elements that make up most of the remaining 4%.
· Describe the structure of an atom
· Explain the significance of radioisotopes to biologists
· Compare and contrast ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
· State the major components of the earths current atmosphere.
· Describe the early atmosphere as the earth formed.
Chapter 3
Key terms
Cohesion Surface tension Adhesion Capillary action
Solvent Solute Solution Acid
Base pH scale Buffer Heat of vaporization
Specific heat Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Transpiration
Objectives
· Describe how the unique physical and chemical characteristics of water make life on earth possible.
· Explain how water is able to form a hydrogen bond and why it is significant.
· Draw a water molecule and label its positive and negative delta charges.
· Explain the basis for the pH scale.
· Explain how a buffer works using the bicarbonate buffer system as an example
· Describe the causes of acid rain, and explain how it affects the fitness of the environment
Unit2: Biochemistry and Enzymes Lab 1: Diffusion and osmosis
Chapters 4, 5, and 6: Pages 48- 108
Chapter 4
Key terms
Functional group amino group carboxyl group hydrocarbons
Isomer organic inorganic phosphate
Objectives
· Be able to identify the functional groups
· Draw an amino acid
· Explain the role of Carbon in the molecular diversity of life
· Describe Urey-Miller experiment and its significance
Chapter 5
Key terms
Polymer monomer carbohydrate starch
Cellulose sugar monosaccharides disaccharides
Sucrose lactose Condensation synthesis Hydrolysis
Glycogen protein macromolecules Lipids
Nucleic acids nucleotides amino acids glycerol
Fatty acids unsaturated fats triglyceride saturated fats
Glucose galactose maltose fructose
Storage polysaccharides structure polysaccharides chitin
Fats phospholipids steroids hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails peptide bonds variable R group hemoglobin
Cholesterol denaturation protein conformation DNA
RNA ribose deoxyribose nitrogenous base
Pyrimidine purine nucleoside double helix
Denature phosphodiester linkage
Objectives
· Explain the analogy of a string of beads to the structure of a polymer
· Name and explain how macromolecules are synthesized and broken down.
· List the four major macromolecules and describe their structures.
· Draw an amino acid, glycerol, cholesterol, phospholipid, and nucleotide with detail.
· List key examples and functions of each of the macromolecules
· Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
· the primary, secondary, Distinguish tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein.
· Explain the significance of protein conformation.
· Explain the book’s analogy of software and hardware to DNA and proteins.
· Compare and contrast the phosphodiester linkage and hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule.
· Explain how the structure of each macromolecule accounts for its function.
Chapter 6 Lab 2: Enzyme catalysis
Lab 4: Plant pigments and photosynthesis
Lab 5: Cell respiration
Key terms
Substrate Catalyst Enzyme Induced fit theory
Specificity denature metabolism free energy
Exergonic endergonic exothermic endothermic
Activation energy active site cofactors coenzymes
Competitive inhibitors feedback inhibition spontaneous rxn noncompetitive inhibitors
Anabolism catabolism ATP ADP
Allosteric regulators saturated phosphorylation
Objectives
· Explain the relationship between free energy, entropy, enthalpy, and temperature in determining how a reaction progresses.
· Explain the induced fit theory
· Explain how enzyme activity is regulated by environmental conditions, cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, and allosteric regulators
· Sketch graphs of reaction/time and free energy/time for uncatalyzed reactions, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, feedback inhibitor reactions, and allosteric enzyme reactions
· Discuss the effect of concentration of product, reactant and enzyme on reaction rate.
· Draw the structure of ATP
· Describe the significance of ATP and enzymes in cell function.
Unit 3 Cell structure, Cellular transport, and Cell communication
Chapters 7, 8, and 11 Pages 173-218 and ???????
Chapter 7
Key terms
SEM TEM cytology cell
Cell fractionation prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell nucleolus
Nucleus nuclear pore nuclear envelople chromosomes
Chromatin ribosome vesicles vacuoles
ER/endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes golgi apparatus plasma membrane
Smooth ER rough ER phagocytosis perioxisomes
Mitochondrion chloroplasts christae plastids
Chromoplast amyloplast thylakoids grana
Stroma cytoskeleton microtubules centrioles
Flagella cilia 9 + 2 pattern basal body
Microfilaments cyclosis intermediate filaments cell walls
Plasmodesmata glycocalyx gap junctionss tight junctions
Desmosomes organelle
Objectives
· Explain in your own words why cells must be small.
· Describe the structure and components of the nucleus.
· Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the SEM, TEM, and light microscope.
· Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
· Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells.
· Label cell parts and identify their functions.
· Distinguish the three types of plastids
· Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of the three parts of the cytoskeleton.
· Describe the structure of flagella and cilia.
· Explain how cells communicate with their neighbors.
· Describe the three types of vacuoles and their list their functions
· Describe the structure of the eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondrion, and chloroplast.
· Describe the current model for the endomembrane system and how it provides for transport and recognition.
Chapter 8
Key terms
Selectively permeable fluid-mosaic model cholesterol hydrophilic
Hydrophobic diffusion osmosis active transport
Passive transport facilitated diffusion water potential concentration gradient
Osmotic potential hyperosmotic hypoosmotic hypertonic
Hypotonic isoosmotic isotonic proton pump
Sodium potassium pump cotransport phagocytosis pinocytosis
Exocytosis endocytosis dialysis plasmolysis
Turgid phospholipid bilayer integral proteins peripheral proteins
Glycolipids glycoproteins water potential
Objectives
· List and describe mechanisms by which substances cross the plasma membrane.
· Describe the process and people’s work by which the fluid mosaic model was constructed.
· List and describe factors affecting the flexibility and strength of the plasma membrane
· Describe transport proteins and how their structure determines what type they are.
· Explain how the energy from ATP is harnessed during active transport.
· Describe the importance of the plasma membrane being able to maintain homeostasis in the cell
· Describe how organisms of different types can maintain osmotic integrity in their various environments.
· List and describe the molecules in the plama membrane that allow it to perform its various functions.
Unit 3
11 days Chapter 6, 9,10 Test Thursday
Read pages 97-108, 173-178,188-195,199-206,214-218 (39 pages)
·
Chapter 9
Key terms
Redox cellular respiration Kreb’s cycle glycolysis
Electron transport chain pyruvate lactic acid acetyl CoA
NAD FAD electron carrier fermentation
Obligate anaerobe facultative anaerobe obligate aerobe chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation substrate level phosphorylation
Alcohol fermentation lactic acid fermentation lactic acid
Objectives
· Explain why facultative anaerobes like us are advanced evolutionarily.
· List and briefly describe the three major steps in cellular respiration, indicate where they occur in the mitochondrion, and what are the products of each step.
· Compare and contrast fermentation and cellular respiration.
· Write an overall reaction for cellular respiration and fermentation
· Trace the oxygen, carbon and hydrogen through the process of cellular respiration.
· List what is reduced and what is oxidized in cellular respiration.
· Describe phosphorylation and how it is related to ATP doing work.
· Explain how feedback inhibition causes muscle cells to revert back to fermentation when insufficient amounts of oxygen are present.
· Explain how lactic acid affects the muscles and how lactic acid fermentation might of evolved to help and protect the organism.
Chapter 10
Key terms
Photosynthesis light dependent rxn light independent rxn chlorplast
Chlorphyll Calvin cycle spectrophotometer pigment
Xanthophyll Carotene chlorphyll a chlorophyll b
Photocenter I Photocenter II carbon fixation heterotroph
Autotroph accessory pigments G3P RuBP
C3 plants C4 plantss CAM plants stomata
Photorespiration photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs chemosynthesis
Objectives
· List and describe the two major steps of photosynthesis, where they occur in the chloroplast, and what the products are for each step.
· List the advantages and disadvantages of C3, C4, and CAM plants.
· Trace the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
· Discuss the evolutionary relationship between photosynthesis and the central vacuole of plant cells.
· Explain the role of water in photosynthesis.
· Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation
· Explain why the number of mitochondria and chloroplasts vary in different types of cells and locations in the organism.
Unit 4 Mitosis, Meiosis, Heredity 7 days (Test on Friday Sept. 3)
Chapters 11-14.
Reading: 221-224, 226-229, 234-237 (except diagrams on page 235 and 236), 248-249, 252-254, 284-288, DO all self quizzes and problems for chapters 11-14. Read the double helix.
Chapter 11
Terms
Binary fission Chromatin Chromosome
Centromere Kinetochore Chromatid
Mitosis Cytokinesis Cell cycle
G1 phase G2 phase S phase
Interphase prophase metaphase
Anaphase telophase spindle fibers
Centrioles cancer malignant tumor
Metastasis benign tumor contact inhibition
Cleavage furrow cell plate cell culture
Density dependent inhibition protein kinases
Questions
How does cell division differ for eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
How does cytokinesis differ for plant cells and animal cells?
List the stages of the cell cycle and what occurs in each stage using terminology given.
What conditions lead to cancer?
How does mitosis provide continuity and ability to change at the same time?
Differentiate chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin.
Do the self quiz.
Go to http://www.biology.arizona.edu Find the online onion root tips project. Identify 30 cells and print your findings.
Do challenge question 1 a-c on page 239.
Chapter 12.
Meiosis diploid (2n) haploid (n)
Gamete homologous chromosomes synapis
Tetrad crossing over chiasmata
Alternation of generations zygote karyotyping
Locus sex chromosomes parthenogenesis
Somatic cells asexual reproduction sexual reproduction
Questions
Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
List and describe three factors that contribute to increasing the genetic variation in a population.
What is the significance of meiosis?
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.
Do the self quiz at the end of chapter 12.
Answer question 2 in challenge questions on page 257.
,