E-InternationalScientificResearchJournalISSN: 2094-1749 Volume: 2 Issues: 2, 2010
THE SUITABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ARINGAY RIVER
TO FISHERFOLKS
PERLA P. QUESADA
Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College
DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
City of San Fernando
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the
Degree
Master of Arts in Technological Education
March 2000
APPROVAL SHEET
This Thesis entitled “The Suitability and Effectiveness of Aringay River to Fisherfolks” prepared by Perla P. Quesada in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Technological Education has been examined and passed by the Graduate Program Committe on February 11, 2000, composed of:
REMEDIOS C. BAGA, Ph. D. REYNALDO M. LAUDENCIA, Ed. D
Adviser Member
PABLO D. PEA, Ph. D.VIVINA E. VILLANUEVA, Ph. D.
MemberMember
ELIGIO B. SACAYANAN, Ed. D Chairman
Accepted and approval in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree, MASTER OF ARTS IN TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION
SALVACION C. LOYOLA, Ph. D.NORMA B. NATINO, Ph. D.
Associate DeanDean, Graduate College
DMMMSU, Graduate College
City of San Fernando, La Union
Date Signed: ______
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author sihes to express her profound gratitude to Dr.Remedios C.. Baga, her adviser ; Dr. Eligio B. Sacayanan, Chairman of the Examining Committe; Dr Pablo D. Pena, Dr. Reynaldo M. Laudencia and Dr. Vivina E. Villanueva, members of the graduate panel committe, for their generous guidance and ecouragement throughout the conduct of the thesis, preparation of this manuscript, and for their constructive criticisms and suggestions the eventually improved the manuscript;
Likewise, sincere appreciation is extended to Dr. Norma B. Natino, Dean, Graduate college, San Fernando City; Dr. Willy V. Raquepo, Program coordinator of the Graduate College; Dr. Amelia O. Bacungan, vice President for Academic Affairs; Dr. Rogelio E. Tangalin, Chancellor- SLUC; Prof. Marina S. Quesada; Dr. Alfredo B. Durante. Executive Assitant-SLUC; Dr. Grace D. Runas, Associate Dean, Graduate College- Sluc; and Dr. Juanity B. Rualo, Director, institute of Fisheries – SLUC; for their professional pieces of advice and encouragement;
To Prof. Valentino V. Prado who put all his patience into the statistics of the study, and Dr. Vivina E. Villanueva, for editing the final manuscript, my sincere gratitude;
To Dr. Dionisio Gat. Ducusin, President of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University For the DMMMSU Faculty Accelerated Program of which the researcher availed of;
To Dr. Roberto T. Borromeo, President, Fund for Assistance to Private Education – Commission on Higher Education (FAPE-CHED) Graduate Scholarship Program (GSP) and Dr. Carolina C. Porio, Director for scholarships, for accepting her as a recipent of the thesis scholarship grand;
My sincere Thanks to Mayor Ramon C. Juloya for allowing me to conduct limnological survey of the Aringay River; Mr. Nestor D. Domenden, Director- BFAR, Region 1, for his magnanimous assistance in providing me the needed water analysis equipment; Dr. Augustus C. Mamaril, Professor-UP Institute of Biology; and Prof. Victoria N. Malaya, for their unselfish assistance in providing the researcher reference materials;
Special thanks is also due to all faculty and staff of DMMMSU SLUC, Institute of Fisheries who have inspired the researcher onward;
Hearfelt thanks is extended to his loving and understanding husband, Jun, and children, Anna Liza, Anna Khristina and Christian Paulo, Who inspired her to attain her humble achievement; and
Above all, special and sincerest thanks are due HIM, the LORD ALMIGHTY, who has readily blessed the author with streight, power and patience to accomplish this undertaking.
P.P.Q.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
The reasearcher was born on November 12, 1953 at Barangay Real, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, a daughter of the late Gregorio Paglingayen and Maria Mendoza. Presently, she is residing at the DMMMSU-Institute of fisheries Compound, Santo Tomas, La Union where she and her husband, Alfredo L. Quesada Jr., an Associate Professor V, work. She finished her elementary grades at the Agoo Central School, Agoo La Union in 1966 and her secondary education at the Saint Mary’s Academy, also in Agoo, In 1972. She started her Bachelor of Science in Nursing Course at the University of the East but only finished her second year in 1973. She continued her studies taking up Bachelor of Science in Fisheries, major in Inland Fisheries at the then Southern Ilocos Polytechnic State College, College of Fisheries, where she graduateda in 1979. She first served as a casual registrar assistant in 1980 in her Alma Mater. Then, she was hired as an Instructor with permanent status the following year. The researcher passed the Professional Board Examination for Teachers in 1981. She is now an Assistant Professor.
The Researcher is blessed with three healthy children. Anna Liza, (23) the eldest is a B.S Biology graduate of Ateneo de Manila University (1997), currently employed at NEDA, Region I as an Economic Development Specialist I; Anna Khristina (22) also a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology at the University of Baguio [1999], currently employed at USAMC Hospital, Agoo, La Union as Medical Technologist ; The youngest Christian Paulo (8) is a Grade III pupil at the Agoo Montessori Learning Center, Agoo, La Union.
ABSTRACT
Quesada, Perla P., “The Suitability and Effectiveness of Aringay River to Fisherfolks”, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Graduate College, San Fernando City, La Union, February 2000. Adviser: Dr. Remedios C. Baga
The water quality of Aringay River, Aringay, La Union, Phillipines, was monitored biweekly from May through october 1999. Three sampling stations were established along the length of the river. Station A, designated as the upstream zone; Station B. designated as midstream zone, and Station A was located at the endpoint of 1000 m measured from the point below the Aringay Bridge and going downstream; Station C was located at the endpoint of 1000 m measured from the shoreline of the Lingayen Gulf whick connects to the river rmouth and leading upstream; and Station B was located at the midsection between stations A and C.
The physico-chemical parameters monitored during the study were dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, phosphorous, salinity, surface current velocity. The in situ monitoring of the physical parameters with the use of YSI model Hach Kit, Including salinity, and collection of water samples for the chemical parameters were done in the afternoon, 1:00- 3:00 pm. Values of the parameters among stations did not register statistically significant differences. nitrite, phosphate, and salinity were zero in values in the three stations throughout the study. Spearman Correlation analysis of parameters within station showed, except surface water temperature – water depth, no significant relationships. Mean Values of the parameters in the three stations are within the range that is safe and favorable for aquatic life.
Sociological survey of the perceptions on the level of effectiveness of Aringay River was conducted alongside physico-chemical monitoring. Respondents to the questionnaire and personal interview were fifteen fisherfolks selected at random from each of the five barangay located on both side of the section of the river. Statistical test results imply that fishing, fish farming and land tilling are the three sources of income among the respondents and regard each as equally beneficial. The benefits derived from on source complements or supplements the other for their daily subsistence. In the area of health and safety, most respondents perceived that benefist derived from the river contributed moderately while the rest percieved little benefits derived. In terms of education, the statistical test (ANOVA) implies that the responses of the respondents in the five barangay indicate commonness of perceptions toward the river’s benefits in terms of education. Respondents perceived that the river has potential in supporting the family’s education. As to livelihood benefits derived from the use of the river, the mean responses ranged from “none to high extent” of contribution to their livelihood or socio-economic status. In summary, the findings suggest that the level of effectiveness and suitability of the river relative to the factors considered is minimal and common to all stakeholders.
In the are of pressing problems encountered in the maintenance of Aringay River, siltation of the river system was perceived to be their highest concern.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Title Page1
Approval Sheet2
Acknowledgement3
Biographical Sketch6
Abstract7
Table of Contents10
List of Tables14
List of Figures19
CHAPTER
1 Introduction Situational Analysis 20 Conceptual Framework 22
Research Paradigm Statement of the Problem 25
Significance of the Study27
Definition of Terms31
2 Review of Literature
Levels of Physico-Chemical Parameters 34
Level of Suitability40
Habitat of Aquatic Biota43
3 Methodology
Research Design 44
Locale and Respondents of the Study 44
Instrumentation 44
Sampling Stations 45
Sampling Duration45
Treatment of Data46
3 Discussion of Findings
Chemical Parameters of the Aringay River
Levels of Dissolved Oxygen49
Suitability of Dissolved Oxygen Levels52
pH Levels53
Suitability of pH Levels 56
Levels of nitrite, Phosphates, and Salinity57
Physical Parameters of the Aringay River
Surface Water Temperatured58
Suitability of Surface Water 61
Temperature Levels 61
Secchi Disk Transparency 62
Suitability of Secchi DiscTransparency Levels 64
Water Depth 65
Suitability of Water Depth Levels 66
Surface Current Velocity 66
Suitability of Surface Current Velocity Levels 68
Personal Profile of Respondents
Age 68
Sex 69
Status 69
Educational Attaintment 69
Main Source Of income 69
Level of Effectiveness of Aringay River
Source of Income 70
Benefits Derived from the River
Health and safety 74
Education 75
Livelihood/Socio-Economics 76
Seriousness of Problems Encountered
Water Quality 79
Situation in Fish Catch 80
Reasons for Fish Population Decline 81
Fishing Methods 82
5 Conclusions and Recommendations Summary,
Results of the Study 70
Conclusions 73
Recommendations 74
Literature Cited 76
Appendices 78
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NUMBERTABLEPAGE
1Levels of Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Across Stations, By month 49
2Analysis of Variance of Mean Dissolved Oxygen Levels Across Stations 50 Spearman Correlation Coefficient Analysis of Do Levels 52
4Levels of pH Across Stations, By Moth53
5Analysis of Variance of Mean pH Levels Across Stations 54
6Spearman Correlation coefficientAnalysis of pH levels55
7Surface Water Temperature Levels Across Stations, By Moth 58
8Analysis of Variance of Mean Surface Water Temperature Levels Across Stations 59
9Spearman Correlation Coefficient Analysis of Surface WaterTemperature Levels 61
10Secchi Disc Transparency Levels Across Stations, By Moth 62
11Analysis of Variance of Mean Secchi Disch Transparency LevelsAcross Stations 63
12Spearman Correlation Coeffiecent Analysis of Secchi DiscTransparency Levels 64
13Water Depth Levels Across Stations By Month 65
14Analysis of Variance of Mean Water Depth Levels Across Stations 66
15Surface Current Velocity Levels (m/30sec) Across Stations 67
16Analysis Of Variance of Mean Surface of Surface Current Velocity Levels 67
17Spearman Correlation Coefficient Analysis of Surface Current Velocity Levels 68
18Mean Personal Profile of Stakeholders in Aringay River 70
19Level of Effectiveness of the River as to Source of Income 70
20Mean Values of Level of Effectiveness of Aringay River in Fishing as a Source of Income 71
21Mean Valoues of Level of Effectiveness of Aringay River in Fish-Farming as a Source of Income 72
22Mean Values of Level of Effectiveness of Aringay River inFarming as a Source of income 72
23Analysis of Variance of Sources of Income Across Barangays 73
24Mean Values of Perception on Extent on Access to Health andSafety Services, By Barangay 74
25Analysis of Variance of Mean Responses By Barangay onAccess to Health and Safety Services 75
26Mean Values of Perception on Extent of Access to EducationServices, By Barangay 75
27Analysis Of Variance of Mean Responses By Barangay on Access to Education Services 76
28Mean Values of Perception on Extent of Livelihood Benefits,By Barangay 77
29Analysis of Variance of Mean Responses By Barangay On Extentof Livelihood Benefits From the Aringay River 77
30Mean Values of Perception on Benefits Derived from the AringayRiver, Across Stations 78
31Analysis of Variance of Perception on Benefits Derived from theAringay River Across Barangays 78
32Degree of Seriousness of Problem Encountered 79
33Mean Values of Perception on Water Quality Problem, By Barangay 79
34Analysis of Variance of Perception on Water Quality Problem
Across Barangays80
35Mean Values of Perception on Fish Population Problems, By Barangay 80
36Analysis of Variance of Perception on Fish Population Problem
Across Barangays81
37Mean Values of Perception on Reason for Fish populationDecline, By Barangay 81
38Analysis of Variance of Perception on Reasons for Fish PopulationDecline, Across Barangay 82
39Mean Values of perception on Types of Fishing methods, By Barangay 83
40Analysis of Variance of Perception on Types of Fishing Methods,Across Barangays 83
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.FIGUREPAGE
1Reasearch Paradigm 7
2Map of the Study site
(Sampling Stations) 29
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
SituationalAnalysis
Water quality conditions are brought about by the addition of substances to the water. These may eighter pollute or enrich the water. Pollution of river waters and other inland bodies of water arises mainly from the industrial activities and its effects on the aquatic life in the system can be asfollows:
a)actuallethaltoxicity
b)sub-lethaleffects,and
c)cumulativeeffects
Most Pollution effects tent to be very broad effecting many different species. Whatever their immediate effect, the response at the community level is a reduction in diversity and a shift in species composition toward relatively smaller and shortneded life forms.
Enrichment arises mainly from domestic or agricultural wastes. Moderate Enrichment is not harmful and may even be beneficial, but heavy enrichment grades into pollution when it is sufficient to produce deoxygenated conditions in the affected body of water.
As per Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
A.O. 34, 1993, in terms of water quality usage and classification, Aringay River Falls under Class B, Classified as a Recreational Water Class 1intended for primary contact recreation such as swimming, bathing and skin diving. However, in 1996 it was reclassified to Class C which means that it is fishery water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resoures. It is a Recreational water class II for boating purposes.
Fish aggregating devices (FAD) and fyke nets (“poket”) are well established in the river section where the sampling stations of this study were indentified. The upper upstream section of the river starting from the Aringay Bridge has wide banks on both sides thar are used for agricultural activities especially in growing of corn, rice, peanuts, and mushroom culture. Residential houses line the lenght of both sides of the river. Furthermore, flooding in La nion has not left out the Aringay River so that it serves as a channel and a catchment basin, as well, of organic and inorganic matters coming from the upland areas as far as Benguet province. The River is fed, too by Masalip dam located in Tubao, La union. It serves as the major drainage of Tubao, La Union. These conditions constribute to the water quality of the River for any form of activity undertaken in it.
Aringay River traverses through the ewastern side of the town going up to Barangay Galano downstream to Samara. It has an area of 50 hectares(Jacla,1999). To determine fully its potential for fisheries at present and in the future, and to determine its suitability and effectiveness to fisherfolks, this study was concieve and implemented.
Conceptual Framework
According to Edra et. Al. (1998), the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) has listed 14 principal river system in region 1. A few among those included in the updated list of classified rivers as of 1993 are the: Amburayan River location in Ilocos Sur-La Union, class C; Aringay River, class B; Baroro River: class A; and Bauang-Lower River, class C.The last three rivers enumerated are all located in La Union. These water bodies are classified according to their beneficial use and the degree of protection required. Class A is a source of water supply but requires complete treatment to meet the National Standard for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines, Class B is intended for recreation p urposes like bathing, swimming, and skin diving, and Class C is best suited for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resourcesand can be used for boating and industrial water supply after appropriate treatment
Water quality in the rriver sectors of Lingayen Gulf coastal management area is of primary importance. It determines the suitability of the river waters for particular user without the users assuming risks for themselves or for others (NEDA, 1989).
Determination of nutrient concentration in the river sysmtems of Pangasinan showed no stable trend from one sampling point to the other. Dagupan River exhibited a higher maximum in the upstream sampling point than at its mouth regardless of the kind of nutrient under
consideration (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate). The Agno River had a higher maximum concentration of nitrate and phosphate upstream than at its mouth. The Bued River had higher maximum concentration of nitrate and phosphate at iths mouth than at its upstream section. Although the Alaminos and Sta. Rita rivers have much more limited watershed than the three major rivers of Pangasinan, only the upsgtream point of Daupan River had a higher concentration than the former two, although in terms of nitrate content the Alaminos and Sta. Rita Rivers had a significantly lower maximum concentration than Any of the major rivers. Further, Sta. Rita River had the lowest maximum concentration of phosphate (NEDA, 1989).
The nature of the aquatic resource is subjected to impacts from works which modify the morphology of the terrestrial matrix and alter the quantity and timing of the flow through the system (Boon et al, 1992). The cumulative ecological impacts of deforestation, destruction of riparian vegetation, agricultural development, catch erosion, siltation, land drainage and flood protection on rivers are a particular threat to large rivers. Increased silt loads are characteristics of large ivers draining heavily populated areas and regions where agricultural malpractice and deforestation have denuded land, increasing runoff and soil loss (Arthington and Welcomme, 1996). The leght of the river in which the flow is hindered by high tide levels (backwater effect) is called the tidal reach. In this reach, velocities would be closed to zero and the remaining sediment consisting of silt (3.0 uum to 0.0625 mm diameter) and clay (less than 3.9 um) will settle, with the latter predominant at the mouth and into the ocean itself (Edra et al. 1998)
Discharge and infiltration of pollutants modify the quality of the water, usually to thge detriment of the orgranisms living in it (Boon et al, 1992). About 320 factories discharged by these factories average 145 tons of BOD per day. And consitutes 45% of the pollution in the river. Also contributingtothepollutionareoilspillsfrombarges, tankers, boats and from over 300 gasoline stations and several oil depots in the area. However, in spite of the poor water quality, the Pasig River itself can still sustain aquatic life. During the rainy season, from June to December, fish from Laguna de Bay are carried by floodwaters to the Pasig River. The flushing effect of Laguna de Bay during this period increases the dissolved oxygen content of the river and renders it suitable for some aquaculture activies (Edra et al, 1998).