Dejiny areálie AO
The national symbols of UK
Britain (Britain – pettanike - pretani = tattooed people )
UK- it is monarchy and it consists of 2 kingdoms (scottland, England)
Unification
13.th century- annexation of Wales
1603 – the first Steward ruler came to the throne, union of the crowns
Beginning 18.th- 2 kingdoms were no longer independent, formed 1 parliament in London, also political union
1801 - Ireland joined union
Beg. 20th. Century – part of Ireland became independent.
Anthem: God Save the Queen/King
It celebrates the monarchy. It is not the anthem by law. In the past it used to be royal anthem, but people have adopted it.
Flag: Union Jack
In the past Britain dominated in the seas, there was a flag on ships called “Jack” it was later adopted by other people.
Britannia – personal enbodyment of everything british, female wearing helmet, trident & shield, mostly accompanied by a lion
England
Named after Anglo-Saxons
Alternative name: Albion (albus=white, white cliffs in sussex)
Patron saint: St. George (celebrated in april, he lived 14. Century, he was born in noble family, professional soldier, when king ordered persecution of Christians, George has refused, he was killed and became a martyr.)
Flower: Tudor Rose (combines rose of Lancaster an yorks)
England has male embodiment – John Bull
Scotland
Alternative name: Caledonia
Patron saint: St. Andrew (one of the christ’s apostols, he was crucified on diagonal cross – pictured on the Scotland flag)
Flower: thistle
Anthem: more anthems, best known is Flower of Scotland/Scotland the Brave
Wales
The celts were driven out of England to wales, anglo Saxons called cambria the land of foreigners
Alt. name: Cambria
Patron saint: St. David (he founded a monastery at place of city St. David
Flower: Daffodil/leek
They don’t have a cross on flag but a dragon
Anthem: land of my fathers
Northen Ireland
Alt. name: Hibernia/Erin (ancient tribe of Hiberny)
Patron saint: St. Patrick (captured by irish pirates, he worked as a slave, escaped to bishop, returned to Ireland to spread Christianity)
Flower: Shamrock
4.10.
Geography&history
Isolation = uniqueness, because of this development in Britain was ever different than development in Europe, living on an island can be advantage, because it can’t be conquered so easily. In 1066 it was conquered by Normans but other attempts have failed. It also encourages sea exploration. In the 17th century had Britain great naval power.
History divided in several periods : prehistoric, romans, medieval (anglo-saxon, norman), early modern, modern
Prehistory & the Celts
Remains of culture of people BEFORE CELTS:
Barrows (mohyly), henges (ground monuments) = centres of power,
Stonehenge was built before Celts, although it was used by the celts. (Stonehenge = stones seem to be hanging in the air.
In 700 b.c. came Celts in several waves from the continent to Britain, the Celts became dominant, whole former population was overwhelmed by Celts.
Druids memorised they doctrine, they learnt everything by heart. The Celts were tattooed (prettani), typical chequered pattern – tartan.
Language: 2 branches
· Brythonic (Welsh, Cornish)
· Gaelic (Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Manx)
Ancestors of the Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Highland Scotland
Roman Britain (AD 43-409)
55 BC: Julius Caesar – unsuccessful attempt
43 AD permanent occupation, it was gradual occupation
Londinium – centre of Britannia province
Romans tried to stop cooperation between Celts from Gallia and Britannia, plus there were also resources.
Boudica’s revolt (AD 61)
She was queen of the Icenni (Celtic tribe), when her husband died Romans couldn’t accept Boudica as a Queen, her land was conquered and she wanted a revenge on Romans. Firstly she was successful, but later she was defeated by Romans.
11.10.
Hadrian’s wall
Defence against attacks from Caledonia.
Built by roman emperor Hadrian in 122 AD
Later it was boundary between England and Scotland.
Roman towns
London has 20,000 inhabitants, the most important trading centre in Europe.
York/Chester – each with legion of 7,000
Roman military camps (lat. Castra)
- Chester – Chester, Winchester
- Cester – Gloucester, Leicester
- Caster – Doncaster, Lancaster
Villas – self-sufficient farms in roman empire built near towns and cities
Population
Romanization : the romano-british
People adopted latin language and fashion (toga), lifestyle …
Roman literacy
Romans built plenty of roads; nowadays roads often copy these roman roads
Roman departure
AD 409 – Roman withdrawal to protect the empire
Roman occupation brought also peace & prosperity for Britain.
Anglo-saxon period (450-1066)
Sources of information from this period are written documents:
o Bede’s Ecclesiatical History of the English People
o Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Britania was attacked by The Picts from Caledonia , by Scots from Ireland, by Germanic Anglo-Saxons
Saxon Shore – coast, where were built forts against Anglo-Saxons
Germanic Tribes:
o Angles – east and north
o Saxons – the south
o Jutes – the south-east (Kent)
Reasons for invasion: mild climate + attractive wealthy land.
They were invited to defeat Scots, but then they settled down and occupied the land.
Anglo-Saxon Occupation
County names – Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Middlesex, east Anglia
Place names: -ing (=family,folk); -ham(=farm); -ton(=settlement)
Celts were decimated or they moved westwards (Wales – Weallas=the land of foreigners) and northwards (Scotland).
King Offa’s dyke – clay wall along the boundary of Wales to protect Britany from Wales
Anglo-saxon kingdoms
o 7th century :Northumbria--/Mercia/Wessex
o 8th century: King Offa of Mercia – “kingship of England”
Christianization of England
2 sources of Christianity:
· Celtic Christianity spread from monasteries in Celtic areas; preaching to ordinary people
· Roman Christianity the roman Church: 597: Pope Gregory the Great’s missionary Augustin – mission to Kent; focus on organization & authority – ruling classes & courts
18.10.2011
Clash between 2 churches
663 : The synod of Withby – the Roman church victorious (wins the support of king of Northumbria)
Anglo–Saxon missions to Germanic areas of Europe
Mutual relationship of Church & state
Political reasons – Church strengthens the position of kings
Economic reasons – monasteries = centres of local trade; monks from Frankish islands – contacts to monasteries on important trade routes in Europe; Lain – international language
Cultural reasons – monasteries = centres of learning; literate churchman = king’s & church’s administration
Celtic Christianity
St Patrick (5th century) : Ireland christianized
Monasteries
o Iona(st. Columbia)
o Lindisfane
o Jarrow
o Wales: place names beginning or ending with –llan
Bede the Venerable (675-735)
Benedictine Monk
Ecclesiastical History of the English People – “Father of English History”
The BC/AD system
The Vikings (Norsemen/Danes)
Scandinavian origin: Norway/Sweden/Denmark
Excellent sailors, They settles in coast of Scottland in England and Ireland
Several waves:
o 8th century : raids on churches & monasteries
o 9th c: conquering & settling
o 10th c: new raids – Ethelred pays them away
o Danegeld (= Danish money, special tax)
11th c: Canut
Alfred the Great (849-899)
King of Wessex
Promoter of education : Anglo-Saxon chronicle (ordered it’s compilation)
Codifier of law : The Doom Book (Code of Alfred): Anglo-Saxon law
Alfred & the Viking threat
Guthrum’s invasion
878:the battle of Edington
Treaty of Wedmore: Danelaw – part of England controlled by the Vikings
Alfred’s defences –
o forts(=burghs) – one of the commonest place names (-borough)
o standing army – permanent army to protect kingdom
o fleet of ships – “Father of the English Navy”
Edward the Confessor
Church building
o Westminster Abbey
o Pattern of the English village: manor house(economic life) + church(religious life)
French Normans in his court (not popular because of this)
Government & society
Witan=king’s council
o Chooses the king
o Today: Privy council
Shire= administrative unit
o Shire reeve – sheriff
o Today’s county names. Derbyshire, Yorkshire
Manorial system : Manor- tax collection & justice + fyrd
Aldermen =local officials (lords)
8.11
The Norman Conquest 1066
Descendants of the Vikings – Northern France: Normandy
Edward the Confessor – succeeded by William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy
Other candidates: Harold Godwinson, Harold Hardrada
Battle of Stamford Bridge – Harold Godwinson received crown. Hardrada landed on north of England, but was defeated.
Battle of Hastings – William landed on the South. Harold’s army marched back from N to S. They were better prepared, but Normans had cavalery and Harold Godwinson was defeated.
1066 -1st king from new dynasty seized the power
Bayeux tapestry tells the story about the Battle of Hastings
Consequences
Anglo-Saxon rebellions – land withdrawals
Language: French
Feudalism – feudal system (fr. Feu= land given in return for service)
Land ownership & land holding : owner=king, holder= vassals,
Homage = promise of loyalty
Domesday Book – survey of the country’s land – possessions of noblemen
England in the 12th century
Succession quarrels
William II had 2 sons Robert ( inherited Normandy) and Henry
Henry I – had no son, so he married his daughter Matilda with Geoffrey Plantagenet (from Anjou)
Stephen – cousin of Matilda became a king, it led to the civil war, that was ended by compromise
The Plantagenets
Henry II + Eleanor of Aquitaine (new part of France added to England)
· Lordship over England
· King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine , Count of Anjou
Thomas Beckett
· Archbishop from Canterbury -> quarrels with the King
· Beckett’s murder; Canterbury -> place of pilgrimage
· Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
15.11.
Magna charta 1215
Richard I. (lionhearted)
followed after Henry II.
Richard had quarrels with Henry II
He took part in the crusade to the Holy Land, he was imprisoned by Austrian duke. Later the kingdom had to pay ransom for him.
Romantic hero
John I (lackland)
Quarrels with Richard, his brother. He Succeeded him.
Loss of French possessions
Dispute with the Pope Innocent III
· England under a papal interdict (interdict assued by pope, which says, that dead people cannot be given a Christian burial)
· john’s excommunication
· England a papal fiefdom
Baronial discontent
· Civil war
· 1215: Magna Charta – some parts are still in force
o Royal power limited
o Feudal rights confirmed
o Rights of individuals guaranteed (the basis of the right Habeas Corpus “you have the body”)
o A council of barons
o No one could be imprisoned without court trial
Constitution of the UK
No single constitutional document
Written sources
· Statutes of Parliament
· Common law
Unwritten sources
· Royal prerogatives – right of monarch to dissolve a parliament
· Conventions – if appeal is approved by both houses of parliament, it has to be signed by monarch (queen Anne refused it as last in 18th century)
Henry III
Heavy spending +foreign advisors
Simon do Montfort’s revolt
1265: de Montfort’s Parliament
· 1st directly-elected parliament in medieval Europe
Edward I (Longshanks)
1295: “Model Parliament”
· Clergy + aristocracy
· County: 2 knights
· Borough: 2 burgesses
Wars with Wales & Scotland
o Llewelyn ap Gruffydd
o Prince of Gwynedd
o The last prince of an independent Wales
o 1284: annexation of Wales
o English county system & common law introduced
o Edward I’s son made Prince of Wales
22.11.
Wars with Scotland
o 2 pretenders – Edward wanted the crown for himself
o Invading of Scotland – he captured the stone of destiny (scots believed, that without this stone no king can be crowned). It was taken to England; it was put into the coronation chair.
o Scotland rebelled against Scotland. Rebellion was led by William Wallace – at the beginning he was successful, but he wasn’t supported by Scottish aristocracy, so he was captured and executed.
o Robert Bruce – also rebelled, he became the king of Scottland
- 1314: Bannockburn – Edward II defeated
England in 14th century
The Black Death 1348/49
Bubonic plague – swelling on person’s body – buboes
very contagious disease
1/3 of population of Europe died
“Bless you!” – When someone caught this disease, it was told to this sick person, because they couldn’t do anything else
It was spread by rats, flees
The Hundred Year’s War
1337 – 1453 lasted 116 years; kings of England wanted to control the land in France
Battles: Crecy, Poitiers;
England ways in disadvantage, because of fighting on continent, but they had longbows so they won
Auld Alliance: France + Scotland
Chivalry
Code of chivalry – knight would fight for the code, for himself and to protect the lady
Edward III – the order of the garter – oldest of the titles in England
Black Prince – son of Edward III. He was embodiment of chivalry. He wore black armour.
Peasant’s revolt 1381
Rebellion arose against the king by ordinary people led by Wat Tyler. He was later betrayed and executed.
Heresy
Lollardy – main representative heretic movement
John Wycliffe: English translation of the Bible
Parliament of the UK – mother of all parliaments
Magna Charta
Supreme legislative which has the right to make laws, it has sovereignty over all other political bodies
Residence – Palace of Westminster (the houses of parlaiament).
Structure
Biclameral parliament
· The lower house – the house of commons – MPs
· The upper house – the house of lord – Peers
· The Sovereign – formally the 3rd part of Parliament and its head
Functions
· Legislation (making laws)
· Scrutiny (checking the government)
· Debating current issues
6.12.
England in the 15th century
Edward I (Longshanks) ->Edward II ->Edward III (his son Edward the Black Prince; Uncle John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancater ->Henry) ->Richard II –
-- >Henry IV (1st Lancaster on the throne)
The Hundred years’ war (1337 -1453)
Henry V
Battle of Agincourt
Katherine of Valois- daughter of king of France (he married her to strengthen his position)
Joan of Arc
She was betrayed by Burgundians and executed by English church
Maid of Orleans
1453: End of the war – Calais
Henry IV -> Henry V ->Henry VI ->Edward IV (1st of dynasty of York) ->Edward V ->Richard III
->Henry VII
1485: Battle of Bosworth
Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor