Supplementary Materials

Table1. Livelihood capital asset, building variables, and to quantitative standard of the index

Capital asset and its building variables / Quantitative standard of the index / Formula
1 Natural capital asset（N） / N= (N1+N2)/2
Percapita forestland area (N1)
(unit:mu) / N1≥10 (1); 8＜N1≤10(0.8); 6＜N1≤8(0.6); 4＜N1≤6(0.4);2＜N1≤4(0.2); 0＜N1≤2(0.2); N1=0(0). / 1hm2=15mu
Percapitafarmland area(N2)
(unit:mu) / N2≥5 (1); 3＜N2≤4(0.8); 2＜N2≤3(0.6); 1＜N2≤2(0.4); 0＜N2≤1(0.2); N2=0(0).
2 Human capical asset（H） / H= (H1+H2+H3)/3
Adult labour (H1) / Proportion of adult labour(H11):H11＞0.8 (1); 0.6＜H11≤0.8(0.8); 0.4＜H11≤0.6(0.6); 0.2＜H11≤0.4(0.4); 0＜H11≤0.2(0).
Quantity of adult labour(H12):H12≥5 (1); 4(0.8); 3 (0.6); 2(0.4); 1(0.2); 0(0). / H1= (H11+H12)/2
Labor education (H2) / College (1); Senior high school (0.8); Junior middle school(0.6); Primary school(0.4); Illiterate(0).
Labor health(H3) / Excellent(1);good(0.8); general(0.5);bad(0).
3 Physical capital asset（P） / P= (P1+P2 +P3+P4)/4
House(P1) / Structure of house(P11): Concrete (1);Brick (0.75);
Brick and wood(0.5); Soil and wood (0.25); Grass(0) . / P1= (P11+P12 +P13)/3
Age of house(P12):P12≤1(1);1＜P12≤10(0.75);
10＜P12≤15 (0.50); 15＜P12≤20(0.25); P＞20(0).
Area of house (P13): P13＞500m2(1);300 m2＜P13≤500 m2 (0.75); 100 m2＜P13≤300 m2 (0.5); 0＜P13≤100 m2 (0.25).
Livestock(P2) / Type (P21):Horse or cattle (1);Sheep(0.8);Pig(0.5).
Quantity (P22): P22＞10(1);5＜P22≤10(0.75);
2＜P22≤5 (0.50); P22＜2(0).
Durable goods(P3) / Quantity(P31):P31≥5 (1); 3 or 4(0.75);1 or 2(0.25).
Life(P32):P32≤1(1);1＜P32≤3(0.75);3＜P32≤5 (0.50); 5＜P32≤10(0.25);P32＞10(0). / P3= (P31+P32)/2
Household traffic tools(P4) / Car(1); Motorcycle(0.8); Electro-bike(0.5);Bike(0).
4 Financial capital（F） / F= (F1+F2 +F3+F4)/4
Net per capita income (RMB/Year) (F1) / F1≥5000 (1); 3000＜F1≤5000(0.8); 2000＜F1≤3000(0.6); 1000＜F1≤2000(0.4);500＜F1≤1000(0.2); F1≤500(0).
Family's total income(RMB/Year) (F2) / F2≥50000 (1); 30000＜F2≤50000(0.8); 20000＜F2≤30000(0.6); 10000＜F2≤20000(0.4);5000＜F2≤10000(0.2); F2≤5000(0).
Savings (F3) / Feel richly (1); Fell generally (0.5); None (0).
Liabilities (F4) / None(1);Yes, a little pressure(0.5);Yes, a lot of pressure(0).
5 Social capital asset（S） / S= (S1+S2 +S3+S4+S5+S6)/6
Participate in community activities (S1) / In the past year:
Times(S11):S11≥6(1); 3＜S11≤6(0.75);1≤S11≤3 (0.50); S11=0(0).
Amount(S12):S12≥3(1);S12=2(0.5);S12=1(0.2); S12=0(0). / S1= (S11+S12)/2
Money to help(S2) / Encounter a crisis:
Obtain money and interest-free loan(S21): (1);
Only obtain money or interest-free loan (S22): (0. 5);
Cannot obtain money to help(S23): (0). / S2= (S21+S22+S23)/3
Food to help(S3) / Encounter a crisis:
Obtain food freely(S31): (1);
Obtain food on credit(S32): (0. 5);
Cannot obtain food to help(S33): (0). / S3= (S31+S32+S33)/3
village cadre in the family(S4) / Yes (1); None (0).
Communication fee (RMB /household/month) (S5) / S5＞500(1);300＜S5≤500(0.75);100≤S5≤300 (0.50);50≤S5≤100 (0.25); 0≤S5≤50(0).
Expenses of human relations (RMB /household/year)(S6) / S6＞5000(1);3000＜S6≤5000(0.75);2000≤S6≤3000 (0.50);1000≤S6≤2000 (0.25); S6＜1000(0).

Note: The index quantitative score in brackets

Table2. Livelihood capital assets indicators

Capital asset components / Indicators(or aspects requiring initial development and ongoing maintenance)
Natural capital asset（N）
Per capita forestland area (N1)
(unit: mu) / Mainly refers to the clear property rights of forestland.
Per capita farmland area(N2)
(unit: mu) / Mainly refers to the clear property rights of farmland.
Human capital asset（H）
Adult labour (H1)
 / Ratio of workforce in a household.
Labour education (H2)  / Level of labours' education, including illiterate, primary school, junior middle school, senior high school, or above.
Labour health(H3)
 / Perceptionof status of labours'health,includingexcellent,good, general and bad.
Physical capital asset（P）
House(P1)
 / Mainly refers to three aspects: structure of house, age of house, and area of house.
Livestock(P2) / Mainly refers to two aspects: type and quantity.
Durable goods(P3) / Including goods quantity and used life.
Household traffic tools (P4) / Mainly refers to three aspects: car, motorcycle, electro-bike, and bike.
Financial capital asset（F）
Net per capita income (RMB/Year) (F1) / Cash income
Family's total income(RMB/Year) (F2) / Cash income by all households, including the income of agricultural production and the income of migrant jobs.
Savings (F3) / Perception of status of family's assets.
Liabilities (F4) / Perception of repayment ability
Social capital asset（S）
Participate in community activities (S1) / The times and amount of household participating in community activities in the past year.
Money to help(S2) / Once a crisis, the ways of getting money supports.
Food to help(S3) / Once a crisis, the ways of getting food supports.
Village cadre in the family (S4) / For the family, having a village cadre or not?
Communication fee (RMB
/household/month) (S5) / Mainly refers to two aspects: the internet fee and mobile phone communication costs.
Expenses of human relations (RMB /household/year)(S6) / Mainly refers to three aspects: gifts of cash, including a good friend's wedding, relative was admitted to university, and a good friend having a new baby.