The Georgia Milestones Biology End Of Course Test consists of 75 multiple choice questions worth 100 points.
The EOCT counts for 20% of your FINAL course grade.
There are 2 sections, each allowing up to 70 minutes of test time.
The test will be administered ONLINE, but you do have the ability to move forward or backward through the questions on each section.
This study guide will help you master the content knowledge required to answer the questions on the EOCT.
SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. (18%)
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
2. What organelles and structures are found in ALL cells? (Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
3. Do prokaryotic cells have DNA organized into chromosomes?
4. What is the function of the following cellular structures and organelles?
Cell membrane:
Nucleus:
Ribosome:
Mitochondria:
Chloroplast:
Golgi apparatus:
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):
Vacuole:
5. What are the three differences between plant cells and animal cells?
6. What does homeostasis mean?
7. What is an example of homeostasis in humans?
8. What role does the cell membrane play in homeostasis?
9. How does the composition of the cell membrane contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis?
10. What is the process that eukaryotic cells use to divide their nucleus and therefore reproduce cells?
11. Under what circumstances do normal eukaryotic cells reproduce?
12. What happens when normal cells have unregulated cell growth and reproduction?
13. What is the purpose of enzymes?
14. What factors can influence the activity of enzymes?
15. What are the functions of each of the following molecules in living organisms?
Carbohydrates:
Proteins:
Lipids:
Nucleic acids:
16. What is ATP and what does it do?
17. What is the difference between ATP and ADP? Which one has the most energy?
18. What is released when ATP becomes ADP?
19. What element is found in all organic molecules?
20. What four elements are the most common elements in living organisms?
21. What is diffusion?
22. What is osmosis?
23. What happens when an animal cell is put in each of the following solutions? What happens when a plant cell is put into each of the following?
Hypotonic:
Hypertonic:
Isotonic:
24. What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. (25%)
25. What are the components and structure of DNA?
26. What is the importance of the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
27. What are the differences (4) between DNA and RNA?
28. What are the two roles of DNA in living cells?
29. Who was Gregor Mendel?
30. What is the Law of Segregation?
31. How does meiosis relate to the Law of Segregation?
32. How does the segregation of gametes during meiosis contribute to genetic variability?
33. What is the Law of independent assortment?
34. How does meiosis relate to the Law of Independent assortment?
35. How does independent assortment contribute to genetic variability?
36. What is a genetic mutation?
37. How do mutations change the traits or characteristics of an organism?
38. What are the following mutations?
Insertion:
Deletion:
Substitutions:
39. What factors can cause a mutation?
40. In what environmental circumstances would asexual reproduction be favorable?
41. In what environmental circumstances would sexual reproduction be favorable?
42. How is DNA technology used in forensics?
43. How can DNA technology be used in medicine?
44. How can DNA technology be used in agriculture?
SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. (17%)
45. What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
46. What are the products of photosynthesis?
47. What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
48. What are the products of cellular respiration?
49. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related to each other?
50. What supplies the energy for photosynthesis?
51. Where is the energy stored in the products of photosynthesis?
52. What reactant of cellular respiration holds energy?
53. Into what molecule does the energy that is harvested during cellular respiration go?
54. Which kingdoms have prokaryotic organisms?
55. What is the common name for prokaryotic organisms?
56. Which kingdoms have eukaryotic organisms?
57. Which kingdoms have cells with cell walls and how do the cell walls differ between the kingdoms?
58. Which kingdom has NO organisms with cell walls?
59. Which kingdoms have only multicellular organisms?
60. Which kingdom has only unicellular organisms?
61. Which kingdoms have both multicellular and unicellular organisms?
62. Which kingdom has cells that are external heterotrophs?
63. Which kingdom has only multicellular autotrophic organisms?
64. Which kingdom has only multicellular heterotrophic organisms?
65. Which kingdom has the “left-overs” of the other kingdoms?
66. How do taxonomic groups show evolutionary relationships? (Which groups are most closely related
and which groups are most distantly related?)
67. Are viruses considered to be living? Why or why not?
SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. (15%)
68. What is the definition of evolution?
69. What was Lamarck’s theory of how evolution occurs?
70. Was Lamarck correct?
71. What is Darwin’s theory of how evolution occurs?
72. What event in Darwin’s life caused him to formulate his theory?
73. What does biodiversity mean?
74. Why is biodiversity required for evolution to occur?
75. What is meant when two different species of animals have a common ancestor?
76. Does evolution occur steadily or does the rate of evolution change?
77. What factors could influence the rate of evolution?
78. How are fossils used to support the occurrence of evolution?
79. How is molecular evidence used to support evolution?
80. What kind of molecular evidence is useful?
81. What is natural selection?
82. How can natural selection cause the appearance of a new species?
83. Is evolution still happening?
84. What evidence do we have that evolution is still occurring?
85. Explain the role of natural selection in our current problem of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. (25%)
86. Define the following terms, give an example of each, and put the last 6 terms in order of largest to smallest – habitat, niche, biome, community, species,ecosystem, biosphere, population
87. What is a food chain or food web?
88. How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
89. What kind of organism is always at the bottom of a food chain?
90. What is a trophic level?
91. How much energy is transferred in each step of a food chain?
92. What is an energy pyramid?
93. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession?
94. What environmental changes can trigger primary succession?
95. What environmental changes can trigger secondary succession?
96. How can an increase in a nutrient cause an algal bloom?
97. How can an algal bloom affect an aquatic ecosystem (called eutrophication)?
98. What is a limiting nutrient (factor) in an ecosystem?
99. How does a limiting factor affect the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
100. Why is it important to recycle matter within an ecosystem?
101. How is water recycled?
102. How is carbon recycled?
103. How does the burning of fossil fuels affect the carbon cycle?
104. How is oxygen recycled?
105. How is oxygen recycling related to carbon recycling?
106. How is nitrogen recycled?
107. What role do bacteria play in the recycling of nitrogen?
108. How is phosphorous recycled?
109. What role do decomposers have in an ecosystem?
110. What are some typical decomposers?
111. What would happen if there were no decomposers on earth?
112. What is the projection for human population growth and the effect of that growth?
113. Are the earth’s water resources renewable?
114. Are water resources threatened and how?
115. How can water resources be managed?
116. How does pesticide use affect other species of animals?
117. What is biological magnification?
118. Do plants have special adaptations that allow them to live in particular environments or can any plant live anywhere? (evolution and tropisms) Give an example of each.
119. Do animals have special adaptations that allow them to live in a particular environment or can they live anywhere? (evolution) Give an example.
120. Can the behavior of an animal be an adaptation to an environment? Give an example.
121. What does sustainable use mean?