Rag-Ragini System of Classification of Rages During the Medieval Period

RAG-RAGINI SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF RAGES DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

oxhZdj.k ,d izkd`frd fu;e gSA izd`fr ds LFkku&LFkku ij oxhZdj.k feyrk gSA vukfn dky ls vkt rd izd`fr esa isM+] feV~Vh] igkM]+ iRFkj vkfn oxZ ns[kus esa feyrs gSA Lo;a euq"; Hkh blls oafpr u jgkA euq"; us viuh cukbZ gqbZ phtksa dk oxhZdj.k fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fd;k vè;;u esa ljyrk Kku o`f) rFkk fo"k; foLrkj ds fy, mlus izR;sd oLrq dks fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;kA ;g izfØ;k fdlh ,d fo"k;] ns'k vFkok dky rd flfer u jghA laxhr esa Hkh oxhZdj.k gqvkA jkxksa ds oxhZdj.k dh ijEijk vfr izkphu dky ls vkt rd pyh vk jgh gSA oxhZdj.k ds bfrgkl dks rhu dkyksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

1-  izkphu dky

2-  eè;dky

3-  vk/qfud dky

izkphu dky esa tkfr jkx oxhZdj.k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA izkphu dky esa dqy 3 xzke "kM~Tk] eè;e vkSj xU/kj ekus tkrs FksA xU/kj xzke izkphu dky esa gh yqIr gks x;k FkkA 'ks"k nks xzkeksa ls 18 tkfr;k¡ mRiUu gqbZA "kM~t xzke ls 7 vkSj eè;e xzke ls 4 tkfr;k¡A buesa 7 'kq) vkSj 11 fod`r ekuh xbZA

tkfr vkSj jkx ,d nwljs ds iz;k;okph dgs tk ldrs gSA ftl izdkj vkt dy jkx xk;u izpfyr gS izkphu dky esa tkfr xk;u izpfyr FkkA Loj vkSj o.kZ ;qDr lqUnj jpuk dks tkfr dgrs FksA ;gh ifjHkk"kk jkx dh Hkh gS izkphu dky esa tkfr ds nl y{k.k ekus tkrs Fks xzg] va'k] U;kl] miU;kl] vYiro] cgqRo] vkSMRo] "kkMRo] eUnz vkSj rkjA Hkjr us bUgsa nl fof/k tkfr y{k.ke dgk gSA

tkfr jkx oxhZdj.k ds i'pkr xzke jkx oxhZdj.k dk tUe gqvkA loZizFke erax eqfu }kjk fyf[kr ^c`gns'kh* esa xzke jkx 'kCn iz;skx fd;k x;kA izkphu xzUFkksa esa 30 xzke jkx feyrs gS vFkkZr 18 tkfr;ska ls dqy 30 xzke jkx mRiUu ekus x,A "kM~t vkSj eè;e xzkeksa ls ewPNZuk ds vk/kj ij xzke jkx mRiUu gq, ekus x, ftu dh la[;k 30 FkhA xzke jkx ls gh dqN vU; xs; jpuk,¡ mRiUu gqbZ ftUgsa jkx vkSj mijkx dgk x;k bl izdkj ls xzke jkx] jkx vkSj mijkx jkx oxhZdj.k ds izdkj FksA laxhr jRukdj esa 30 xzke jkxksa] 20 jkxksa vkSj 8 mijkxksa dk o.kZu gSA

Hkk"kk] foHkk"kk vkSj vUrZHkk"kk xzke jkx ls mRiUu jpukvksa esa Hkk"kk jkx dh lfEefyr FksA Hkk"kk ls foHkk"kk vkSj foHkk"kk ls vUrZHkk"kk jkx mRiUu ekus x,A Hkk"kk foHkk"kk rFkk vURkZHkk"kk jkx dh rjg fof'k"V xs; jpuk, ekuh tkrh FkhaA ftu jkxksa esa Hkk"kk 'kSyh iz;ksx dh tkrh Fkh os Hkk"kk jkx dgykrs Fks ftu esa foHkk"kk 'kSyh iz;qDr gksrh Fkh og foHkk"kk jkx dgykrs Fks ftu esa vUrZHkk"kk 'kSyh iz;ksx dh tkrh Fkh mUgsa vUrZHkk"kk jkx dgk tkrk FkkA

jkxkax] Hkk"kkax fØ;kax vkSj mikax ;g nSoh laxhr ds vUrZxr vkrs FksA iaú nkeksnj us laxhr niZ.k esa crk;k gS fd ftuesa xzke jkx dh Nk;k gks os jkxkax] ftu Hkk"kk jkx dh Nk;k gks og Hkk"kkax] ftuesa Fkdh gqbZ bfUnz;ksa dk mRlkg izkIr gks os fØ;kax vkSj ftu esa jkx dh Nk;k FkksM+h gks og Hkk"kkax jkx gSA

'kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ oxhZdj.k izkphu dky esa jkxksa dks 'kq) Nk;k yx vkSj ladh.kZ oxksZa esa foHkkftr djus dh fof/ Hkh izpfyr FkhA ijUrq vkt bldk Li"V o.kZu ugha feyrkA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd tks jkx LorU=k gksrs gS ftu ij fdlh jkx dh Nk;k ugha iM+rh 'kq) jkx dgykrs gSa vkSj ftu ij fdlh ,d jkx dh Nk;k iM+rh gS os Nk;kyx vkSj ftuij ,d ls vf/d jkxksa dh Nk;k vkrh gS os ladh.kZ jkx dgykrs gSA bl n`f"V ls dY;k.k] eqyrkuh] rksM+h vkfn 'kq) jkx] Nk;kuV fryd dkeksn] ijt Nk;k yx jkx vkSj ihyw HkSjoh vkfn ladh.kZ jkx dgs tk ldrs gSA

eè;dky % eè;dky esa Hkh 'kq)] Nk;k yx vkSj ladh.kZ foHkktu izpfyr jgkA vkSj buds vFkZ esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvkA bruk vo'; gS fd blds leFkZd fnu ij fnu de gksrs x,A

esy jkx oxhZdj.k % esy dks vk/qfud dk iz;kZ;okph dgk tk ldrk gSA ftl izdkj ls vk/qfud dky esa FkkV jkx izpfyr gS mlh izdkj eè; dky esa esy jkx izpfyr FkkA esyksa dh la[;k ds fo"k; esa vusd er gSA dqN us 12 dqN us 19] vkSj O;adVeq[kh us 72 esy fl) fd;sA vkt Hkh dukZVd i)fr esa esy 'kCn izpfyr gSA ftl izdkj ;gk 10 FkkV ekus tkrs gS mlh izdkj dukZVd esa mUuhl esy ekus tkrs gSA eè;dkyhu esy jkx oxhZdj.k izkphu ewPNZuk oxhZdj.k dk fodflr :i FkkA ykspu us jkx rjf.kh esa dsoy 12 esy ekus gSA bl izdkj jkx focks/ esa 23 Loj esy Qykfuf/ esa 20 vkSj prqnaMizdkf'kdk esa esyksa dh la[;k 19 ekuh xbZ gSA

jkx jkfx.kh oxhZdj.k % eè;dky dh ;g fo'ks"krk Fkh fd dqN jkxksa dks L=kh vkSj dqN dks iq:"k eku dj jkxksa dh oa'k ijEijk ekuh xbZa blh fopkj /kjk ds vk/kj ij jkx&jkfx.kh i)fr dk tUe gqvkA bl esa ,der (erSD;) u jgk vkSj eq[; pkj er gks x,A nks esa lekurk ;g Fkh fd izR;sd jkx dh 6&6 rFkk vfUre nks erkuqlkj izR;sd dh 5&5 jkxf.k;ka ekuh tkrh FkhA bu jkxksa ds 8&8 iq=k pkjksa erksa }kjk ekU; FksA bl izdkj izFke nks erkuqlkj 6 jkx 36 jkxfu;ka vkSj vfUre nks erkuqlkj 6 jkx 30 jkxfu;k¡ ekuh tkrh FkhA pkjska erks dk fooj.k bl izdkj gSA

1-  f'ko vFkok lkes'oj er&bl erkuqlkj N% jkxJh] clUr] iape] HkSjo] es/o uV ukjk;.k ekus tkrs Fks vkSj izR;sd jkx dh 6&6 jkxfu;k¡ ekuh tkrh FkhA mlds ckn iq=k vkSj iq=k o/q,sa ekuh xbZA

2-  d`".k vFkok dfYyukFk er&bl er ds 6 jkx izFke er ds gh leku Fks] fdUrq mudh 6 jkxfu;ka vkSj muds iq=k f'koer ls fHkUu FksA

3-  Hkjrer&bl erkuqlkj HkSjo] ekydksa'k] fgaMksy] nhid vkSj es?k jkx] 5 jkx rFkk izR;sd dh 5&5 jkxfu;ka] 8&8 iq=k vkSj iq=k o/q,sa ekuh tkrh gSA

4-  guqeku er&blds 6 jkx Hkjr er ds lkeku FksA izR;sd dh 5&5 jkxfu;ka vkSj 8&8 iq=k ekus x, tks Hkjrer ls fHkUu FksA

f'koer&6 jkx vkSj 36 jkxfu;k¡

1-  Jh&ekyJh] f=kos.kh] xkSjh] dsnkjh] e/qek/oh] igkfM+dkA

2-  clUr&ns'kh] nsofxjh] ojkVh] VksfM+dk] yfyr] fgUnksyh

3-  HkSjo&HkSjoh] xqtjh] jkefdjh] xq.kfdjh] caxkyh] lS/ohA

4-  iape&foHkk"kk] Hkwikyh] d.kkZVh] uM+gafldk] ekyoh] iVeatjhA

5-  c`gukV&dkekSnh] dY;k.kh] vehjh] ukfVdk lkjaxh] uVgEohjkA

6-  es?k&eYykjh] lksjBh] lkosjh] dkSf'kdh] xa/kjh] gjJ`axkj

(dqN fo}kuksa us c`gUukV ds LFkku ij uV ukjk;.k ekuk gSA)

Hkjr er dh 6 jkx vkSj 30 jkxfu;k¡

1-  HkSjo&e/qek/oh] yfyrk] cjkjh] HkSjoh] cgqyhA

2-  ekydks'k&xkSjh] fo|korh] rksM+h] [kEckorh] ddqHkA

3-  fgaMksy&jkedyh ekyoh] nsokjh] vklkojh] dsdhA

4-  nhid&dsnkjh] xkSjh] :nzkorh] dkeksn] xqtZjhA

5-  Jh&lS/koh] dkQh] Bqejh] fofp=kk]lksguhA

6-  es?k&eYykjh] lkjax] ns'kh] jfrCkYyHkk] dkujkA

d`".ker dh 6 jkx vkSj 36 jkxfu;k¡

1-  Jhjkx&xkSjh] dksykgy] /oyk] ojksjkth] ekydks'k] nsoxa/kjA

2-  clUr&vU/kyh] xq.kdyh] iVeatjh] xkSM+fdjh] /kdh] nsolkxA

3-  HkSjo&HkSjoh] xqtZjh] fcykoyh] fcgkx] dukZV] dkuM+kA

4-  iape&f=kos.kh] gLrkarjsrgk] vghjh] dksde] csjkjh vklkojhA

5-  uVukjk;.k&f=kcadh] fryh] iwohZ] xa/kjh] jkek] flU/ eYykjhA

6-  es?k&caxkyh] e/qjk] dkekSn] /ukJh] nsorhFkhZ] fnokyhA

guqeku er (6 jkx&30 jkxfu;k¡)

1-  HkSjo&eè;ekn] HkSjoh] caxkyh] ojkfVdk] lSU/oh

2-  dkSf'kd&rksM+h] [kEckorh] xkSjh] xq.kdh] ddqHkA

3-  fganksy&csykoyh] jkefdjh] ns'kk[;k]iVeatjh] yfyrkA

4-  nhid&dsnkjh] dkuM+k] ns'kh]dkeksnh] ukfVdkA

5-  Jh&cklUrh] ekyoh] ekyJh] /ukfld] vklkojhA

6-  es?k&eYykjh] ns'kdkjh] Hkwikyh] xqtZjh] Vk (Vadk)

dkSf'kd dk vk/qfud uke ekydksa'k gSA

izkphu dky esa bu pkjksa erksa esa ls guqeku er dk izpkj vf/d jgk gSA bl esa 6 jkx 30 jkxfu;k¡] 48 iq=k vkSj 48 iq=ko/q, FkhA dqy feykdj 132 jkx jkxfu;ka ekuh xbZ gSA

bl izdkj jkx jkxfu;ksa dh oa'kkoyh py iM+hA mi;qZDr pkjksa erksa esa Jh] HkSjo] rFkk fgaMksy bu rhu jkxksa dh eq[; 6 jkxksa esa rks lfEefyr fd;k x;k] fdUrq vkxs py dj fdUgha Hkh nks oxhZdj.kksa esa lerk ugha jghA

vkt ;g crkuk cM+k gh dfBu gS fd jkx jkxuh i)fr esa Loj lkE;] Lo:i lkE; vFkok nksusk dk è;ku j[kk x;k Fkk D;ksafd eè;dkyhu jkx jkxfu;k¡ vk/qfud jkxksa ls fHkUu FkhA

loZizFke iVuk ds eqgEen jtk us viuh iqLrd ^uxekrs vklQh esa 1813bZú esa mi;qZDr pkjksa erksa dh vykspuk dhA mUgksaus rRdkyhu jkx jkxuh i)fr dks voSKkfud fl) fd;k vkSj ,d u;s oxhZdj.k dh [kkst esa yx x,A ijUrq Lo;a jkx jkxuh i)fr ds ckgj ugha tk ldsA mUgksaus jkx jkxfu;ksa ds Lojksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gq, guqeku er ls feyrs tqyrs 6 jkx o 36 jkxfu;ska dh ubZ i)fr cukbZA ;g i)fr dsoy dqN le; rd gh izpfyr jghA mudh jkx jkxfu;ksa esa dqN lerk vo'; gSA mudh uohurk ;g Fkh fd mUgksaus dkQh FkkV ds LFkku ij foykoy dks 'kq) FkkV ekukA

eqgEen jt+k dh 6 jkx o 36 jkxfu;k¡ %

1-  HkSjo&HkSjoh] jkedyh] xqtjh] [kV xU/kjh] vklkojh

2-  ekydkSal&ckxs'ojh] rksM+h] ns'kh] lq?kjkbZ] lwgk] eqyrkuh

3-  fgaMksy&iwfj;k] clUr] yfyr] iape] /ukJh] ekjokA

4-  Jh&xkSjh] iwohZ] xkSjk] f=ko.k] ekyJh] tSrkJhA

5-  es?k&e/qek/] xkSM+] 'kq) lkjax] cM+gal] lkeUr] lksjBA

6-  uV&Nk;kuV] gehj] dY;k.k dsnkj] fcgkxM+k ;euA

LOkú iú Hkkjr[k.Ms th us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd eqgEen jtk ds bl oxhZdj.k esa jkx vkSj mudh jkxfu;ksa esa dqN lerk vo'; gS] ijUrq bruk iz;kZIr ugha gSA

vkykspuk %

1-  fdlh dks jkx] fdlh dks jkfxfu rFkk fdlh dks iq=k jkx ekuus dh dksbZ dlkSVh ugha Fkh] dsoy mudh viuh&viuh dYiuk vkSj bPNk FkhA

2-  eq[; jkx 6 fdl vk/kj ij ekus x, rFkk la[;k 6 D;ksa ekuh xbZ u de vkSj u vf/dA

3-  izR;sd jkx dh 6&6 vFkok 5&5 gh jkxfu;k¡ D;ksa ekuh xbZ de ;k vf/d Hkh ekuh tk ldrh FkhA

4-  vxj 6 jkxfu;k ekuh Hkh xbZ rks dqN fof'k"V jkxfu;k¡ fdlh veqd jkx dh gh D;ksa ekuh xbZ\ tSls mnkgj.k ds fy, guqeku er ds vuqlkj HkSjo dh jkxfu;k¡ HkSjoh cSjkfr] e/qek/oh gh D;ksa ekuh xbZ\ vU; ugha bl izdkj vusd dfe;ka lkeus vkbZA

eqgEen jtk us jkx vkSj jkxfu;ksa esa Loj lerk ykus dh ps"Vk dhA fdUrq dsoy Loj lkE; iz;kZIr ughaA vr% eè; dky ds fy, jkx jkxuh i)fr Hkys gh U;k;laxr vkSj oSKkfud jgh gks fdUrq vkt bl i)fr ds voSKkfudrk rFkk U;k; vlaxr dh Hkjekj fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA 'kk;n bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd eè; dkyhu jkx vk/qfud jkxksa ls iw.kZ rFkk fHkUu Fks vkSj igys 'kq) FkkV dkQh Fkk vkSj vkt fcykoy ekuk tkrk gSA guqeku er tSls dqN mnkgj.k ns[ksA fgaMksy dh jkxfu;k¡] jkedyh] fcykoy vkSj nsolkjo rFkk iq=k foHkkl] vkSj xkSjh] Jh dh jkxfu;ka ekjok /ukJh] clUr] vklkojh vkSj iq=k fcgkxM+kA

vk/qfud fo}kuksa dks jkx jkxuh i)fr esa vusd dfe;k¡ fn[kkbZ iM+hA blfy, ;g i)fr /hjs&/hjs yksi gksrh xbZ vkSj blds LFkku ij vU; oxhZdj.k dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA jkx&jkfxuh i)fr vc yxHkx lekIr lh gS ijUrq dqN o`) laxhrK vHkh Hkh bl i)fr ds guqeku er dks ekurs gSA muds fy, ;g ,sfrgkfld lR; gS ftlds fy, oSKkfud lR;rk dh vko';drk ughaA jkx jkfxuh i)fr dh dfe;k tSls eq[; 6 jkx izR;sd dh 5&5 vFkok 6&6 jkxfu;k¡] 8&8 iq=k vkSj iq=k c/q;sa gh D;ksa ekuh xbZ ;g l[;k¡ de ;k vf/d Hkh ekuh tk ldrh FkhA eq[; 6 jkxksa ds tud dk irk u gksukA oa'kkoyh iq=k o/qvksa ds ckn ls D;ksa lekIr gks xbZA fdlh dks iq=k vkSj fdlh dks L=kh ekuus dh D;k dlkSVh Fkh\

bl izdkj dh cgqr lh 'kadk ;s vkt ds ftKklq ikBdksa ds eu esa mB ldrh gS bl fy, Loú ukjk;.k eksjs'oj [kjs us jxk i)fr dh vkSj Loú fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms us FkkV i)fr dh jpuk dhA jkx jkxuh i)fr eè; dky ds fy, Hkys gh oSKkfud jgh gks fdUrq vk/qfud dky esa jkxksa dk Lo:i cny tkus ds dkj.k ;g i)fr voSKkfud ekywe iM+rh gSA

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