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Test Bank[1] for Chapter 4 – Nutrition during Pregnancy
Key to question information: ANS = correct answer; DIF = question difficulty; REF = page reference; OBJ = chapter learning objective for question section
Learning Objectives
4.1 Identify three problem areas related to pregnancy outcomes in the United States.
4.2 Describe five physiological changes that normally occur during pregnancy that would be considered abnormal if they did not occur during pregnancy.
4.3 Define critical periods of growth and development and identify potential consequences of inadequate energy and nutrient availability during these periods on future health status.
4.4 Identify recommended weight gain ranges for women who enter pregnancy underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese.
4.5 Identify three examples of relationships between nutritional status during pregnancy and long-term health outcomes in offspring.
4.6 Identify four major lessons learned about food availability and pregnancy outcomes from studies of population groups undergoing famine.
4.7 Provide five examples of how the need for energy and specific nutrients change due to pregnancy and identify three factors that influence dietary intake during pregnancy that are not related to food availability.
4.8 Develop a one-day diet for pregnancy based on ChooseMyPlate.gov food intake recommendations for pregnancy.
4.9 Describe two reasons why pregnant women and their fetuses are particularly vulnerable to certain foodborne illnesses and effective dietary interventions for three common health problems during pregnancy.
4.10 Identify and describe the basic components of a nutritional assessment of pregnant women and three health benefits to women of regular exercise during pregnancy.
4.11 Identify three common health problems during pregnancy and the evidence of the effectiveness of dietary interventions for their treatment or amelioration.
4.12 Describe the nutrition services components of a model nutrition program during pregnancy.
Multiple Choice
1. Pre-term birth rate is defined as
a. births <30 weeks gestation/100 live births.
b. births <34 weeks gestation/100 live births.
c. births <37 weeks gestation/100 live births.
d. births <40 weeks gestation/100 live births.
ANS: c DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 89 OBJ: 4.1
2. The reduction in the U.S. infant mortality rate over the past 20 years has been:
a. increasing at a RAPID rate.
b. increasing at a SLOWER rate than the historical infant mortality rate reductions.
c. due to technological advancements.
d. LARGELY due to high levels of medical care.
e. both b and c
ANS: e DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 89 OBJ: 4.1
3. Approximately what proportion of infants who die within the first year of life die within the first month after birth?
a. 1/3
b. 2/3
c. 1/2
d. 3/4
e. 5/8
ANS: b DIF: Application-based, medium REF: 90 OBJ: 4.1
4. Infants weighing _____ are least likely to die within the first year of life.
a. 5 lbs 11 oz to 6 lbs 5 oz
b. 6 lbs 10 oz to 7 pounds 2 oz
c. 7 lbs 12 oz to 10 lbs
d. 8 lbs 8 oz to 10 lbs 2 oz
ANS: c DIF: Fact-based, medium REF: 90 OBJ: 4.1
5. The preferred source of fuel for the fetus is _____.
a. glucose
b. fatty acids
c. proteins
d. cholesterol
e. fiber
ANS: a DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 93 OBJ: 4.2
6. Which statement is NOT correct about hormones and carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy?
a. During the second maternal phase, rising levels of hCS and prolactin from the pituitary gland inhibit the conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat for storage.
b. Insulin resistance builds and increases the reliance on fats for energy during the second half of pregnancy.
c. Estrogen and progesterone levels increase and stimulate insulin production during the first half of pregnancy.
d. hCG levels increase to a greater extent in the second phase than in the first phase and stimulate conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat stores.
ANS: d DIF: Fact-based, hard REF: 93-94 OBJ: 4.2
7. How can the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy best be described?
a. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease due to the increased water volume in the blood
b. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels remain the same as pre-pregnancy levels
c. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase dramatically from pre-pregnancy levels
d. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels fluctuate daily depending on when the fetus is building nerve cells
ANS: c DIF: Fact-based, medium REF: 95 OBJ: 4.2
8. All of the following substances are transported through the placenta easily, with the exception of _____, which is not transferred at all.
a. water
b. cholesterol
c. oxygen
d. ketones
e. insulin
ANS: e DIF: Fact-based, medium REF: 96 OBJ: 4.2
9. When cell size increases due to an accumulation of protein and lipids, the increase is characterized as _____.
a. hyperplasia
b. hypertrophy
c. differentiation
d. maturation
e. development
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 97|99 OBJ: 4.3
10. A critical period of spinal cord development following conception is:
a. 1-2 weeks after conception.
b. 3-4 weeks after conception.
c. 5-6 weeks after conception.
d. 7-8 weeks after conception.
e. 9-10 weeks after conception.
ANS: b DIF: Application-based, medium REF: 98 OBJ: 4.3
11. The recommended daily protein (g) intake for pregnant women is _____.
a. 30 g
b. 71 g
c. 90 g
d. 120 g
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 111 OBJ: 4.7
12. Research is emerging that suggests pregnant women should increase their food sources of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Which of the following foods would provide the most DHA to pregnant women?
a. 1/2 tuna salad sandwich
b. 1/4 cup granola containing 1 tsp sunflower seed
c. 8-oz glass whole milk
d. 1 cup broccoli
ANS: a DIF: Application-based, hard REF: 112 OBJ: 4.7
13. Pregnant women of _____ ethnicity are more likely than those of other ethnicities to have an eating disorder known as pica.
a. African American
b. White Caucasian
c. Hispanic
d. Hmong
e. Chinese
ANS: a DIF: Fact-based, medium REF: 122 OBJ: 4.7
14. The first half of pregnancy is considered the “maternal _____,” while the second half of pregnancy is considered the ”maternal _____.”
a. anatomic phase/catatonic phase
b. catatonic phase/anatomic phase
c. catabolic phase/anabolic phase
d. anabolic phase/catabolic phase
e. hyperplastic phase/hypertrophic phase
ANS: d DIF: Fact-based REF: 92 OBJ: 4.2
15. A pregnant woman in the anabolic phase of pregnancy
a. has increased appetite.
b. notices a significant (1 lb/ week) weight gain.
c. is not hungry and eats less because nutrients aren’t needed until the catabolic phase.
d. has decreased exercise tolerance.
e. both a and d
ANS: e DIF: Application-based, medium REF: 92 OBJ: 4.2
16. The changes in maternal physiology affect all parts of the body. Which of the following would NOT be a normal change in a woman’s gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy?
a. Decreased gastric and intestinal transit time
b. Relaxed gastrointestinal tract muscle tone
c. Heartburn
d. Constipation
e. Nausea
ANS: a DIF: Fact-based REF: 93 OBJ: 4.2
17. Hemodilution of nutrients occurs during pregnancy because:
a. women are eating less.
b. blood volume increases so much.
c. amniotic fluid displaces many nutrients.
d. glomerular filtration decreases.
e. maternal organs and tissues grow.
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based, medium REF: 92|93 OBJ: 4.2
18. _____ do(es) NOT pose any foodborne bacterial risks in pregnant women.
a. Brie cheese
b. Ready-to-eat deli meats
c. Raw oysters
d. Unpasteurized milk
e. Organic bananas
ANS: e DIF: Application-based, medium REF: 130 OBJ: 4.9
19. According to the text, infants weighing _____ at birth are least likely to die within the first year of life.
a. ~3000-4000 g
b. ~3500-4500 g
c. ~4000-5000 g
d. ~4500-5500 g
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based REF: 90 OBJ: 4.1
20. Improvements in _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality, while small improvements in infant mortality in the past few decades are largely due to _____.
a. technical advances in medical care; infectious disease control and sanitation
b. infectious disease control and sanitation; the industrial revolution
c. infectious disease control and sanitation; technical advances in medical care
d. vaccination rates: infectious disease control and sanitation
ANS: c DIF: Fact-based, medium REF: 88-89 OBJ: 4.1
21. Natality statistics are data that summarize information about:
a. the occurrence of pregnancy complications.
b. infant morbidity.
c. infant mortality.
d. harmful behaviors during pregnancy.
e. all of the above
ANS: e DIF: Fact-based REF: 88 OBJ: 4.1
22. Small for gestational age (SGA) is different than low birthweight because:
a. low birth weight is <2500 g (5 lb 8 oz), while SGA is ≤10th %tile for gestational age.
b. SGA is <2500 g (5 lb 8 oz), while low birth weight is ≤10th %tile for gestational age.
c. SGA is <1500 g (3 lb 5 oz), while low birth weight is ≤10th %tile for gestational age.
d. SGA is ≤10th %tile for gestational age, while low birth weight is <1500 g (3 lb 4 oz).
ANS: a DIF: Application-based REF: 89|100 OBJ: 4.1|4.3
23. A baby born to a single mom who lost her job and experienced a severe food shortage at the end of her pregnancy will most likely be classified as
a. very small for gestational age (vSGA).
b. disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA).
c. proportionately small for gestational age (pSGA).
d. appropriate for gestational age (AGA).
ANS: b DIF: Application-based, medium REF: 100-101 OBJ: 4.3
24. Which of the following statements is NOT a national health objective for pregnant women or newborns?
a. Reduce the rate of fetal and infant deaths
b. Increase abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy
c. Increase the proportion of women who gain weight appropriately during pregnancy
d. Reduce post-term births
e. All of the above ARE national health objectives for pregnant women and newborns
ANS: d DIF: Fact-based REF: 91 OBJ: 4.1
25. Why must volume expansion occur BEFORE maternal nutrient stores accumulate?
a. In order to support large gains in fetal weight
b. In order to provide the fetus with sufficient energy, nutrients, and oxygen
c. In order to provide the mother with plenty of fluids
d. In order to dilute the high concentration of nutrients in pregnant women
e. In order to make room for growing organs
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based REF: 91 OBJ: 4.2
26. Which of the following is a major function of the placenta?
a. Hormone and enzyme production
b. Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus
c. Removal of waste products from the fetus
d. Barrier to drugs and alcohol
e. a, b, and c
f. all of the above
ANS: e DIF: Fact-based REF: 95-96 OBJ: 4.2
27. When the nutrient concentration in the fetal blood is greater than the nutrient concentration in the maternal blood, nutrients will likely be transferred against the concentration gradient via:
a. passive diffusion.
b. facilitated diffusion.
c. active transport.
d. pinocytosis.
e. exocytosis.
ANS: c DIF: Application-based REF: 96 OBJ: 4.2
28. Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help:
a. ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half of pregnancy.
b. ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs.
c. ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development.
d. ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth.
e. promote healthy weight gain for pregnant women.
ANS: c DIF: Fact-based REF: 94 OBJ: 4.2
29. Factors associated with reduced fetal growth include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. pre-pregnancy underweight and shortness.
b. high-carbohydrate diets.
c. low weight gain during pregnancy.
d. smoking.
e. poor dietary intake.
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based REF: 100 OBJ: 4.3
30. Factors related to the birth of infants who are large for gestational age (LGA) include:
a. pre-pregnancy obesity.
b. excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
c. poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy.
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
ANS: d DIF: Fact-based REF: 101 OBJ: 4.3
31. Approximately what proportion of women in the U.S. gain within the recommended weight ranges during pregnancy?
a. 20%
b. 31%
c. 40%
d. 52%
e. none of the above
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based REF: 105 OBJ: 4.4
32. It is recommended that overweight women gain approximately _____ during pregnancy.
a. 5-10 pounds
b. 15-25 pounds
c. 25-35 pounds
d. 28-40 pounds
e. 35-45 pounds
ANS: b DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 105 OBJ: 4.4
33. The recommended weight gain range for normal-weight women is:
a. 5-10 pounds.
b. 15-25 pounds.
c. 25-35 pounds.
d. 28-40 pounds.
e. 35-45 pounds.
ANS: c DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 105 OBJ: 4.4
34. The best weight gain advice for normal-weight women is that:
a. women should gain approximately 0.5 lb/week throughout the pregnancy.
b. women should not gain in the first trimester but gain approximately 1 lb/week in the other two trimesters.
c. women of different races gain weight at different rates throughout pregnancy.
d. approximately 3-5 lbs should be gained in the first trimester and gradual, consistent gains thereafter.
ANS: d DIF: Fact-based, easy REF: 106 OBJ: 4.4
35. Jane Smith (and her husband) sought medical care for persistent nausea and vomiting throughout the day. Following a pregnancy test and medical examination, the doctor determined that she was in the 5th week of pregnancy. Following this report, Jane’s husband remarked, “You will have to stop eating potato chips and eat more healthy foods.” What is the best response the doctor could make?
a. “I agree—it is important to eat high-fiber foods.”
b. “I agree—drink lots of water with meals.”
c. “I recommend that you continue to eat foods that you can tolerate and that will help you gain weight.”
d. “I suggest you eat a very small amount of chips to reduce your salt intake and prevent high blood pressure problems.”
ANS: c DIF: Application-based, easy REF: 132 OBJ: 4.11
36. It is recommended that woman consume at least _____ of carbohydrate during pregnancy to meet fetal needs for glucose.
a. 125 grams per day
b. 150 grams per day
c. 175 grams per day