INDUSTRIALIZATION VOCABULARY
1.)INDUSTRIALIZATION: Replacing hand labor with machines on a large scale basis
2.)INTERSTATE COMMERCE: trade between states; during this time period, the railroads helped to expand interstate commerce because they could ship the goods between states
3.)MASS PRODUCTION:Making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
4.)TENEMENT: a high-rise apartment building where people lived in the late 1800’s early 1900’s that were dirty, loud, horrible places to live; only one bathroom per floor and approximately 50 people would share that same bathroom
5.)URBANIZATION: movement of people from the country to the city
6.)FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM: (also known as Capitalism) Businesses are owned by private citizens, not the government. The U.S. is a free enterprise system/capitalistic society.
7.)MONOPOLY (TRUST): Company (or group of companies) that controls all or nearly all the business of an industry, severely cutting competition
8.)STRIKEBREAKER:Someone who works the job of a man who is on strike during a strike
9.) UNION:An organization that workers joined to show their unity and to attempt to get better conditions
10.)STRIKE: Workers refuse to work until their demands are met
11.) SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT:outlawed trusts and monopolies that limited trade, but
it was difficult to enforce.
INDUSTRIALIZATION:
MANY THINGS MADE INDUSTRIALIZATION POSSIBLE IN THE US.
Document 1:
GROSS EARNINGS OF THE RAILROADS
$600,000,000$550,000,000
$500,000,000 /
$450,000,000
$400,000,000 /
$350,000,000
$300,000,000
$250,000,000
$200,000,000
$150,000,000 /
$100,000,000
1861 / 1871 / 1879
Use the graph above to answer the following questions.
1.) How much money was earned in 1861? 1879?
1861 - ______1879 - ______
2.) What is the difference between 1861 & 1879?
3.) What do you think the reason for this difference is?
4.) How did the railroad effect industrialization?
There were many inventions and inventors during industrialization (1860-1910). Your job is to use p. 579-581 to look up the inventors during this time period and one of their most important inventions. Then, fill out the chart below.
INVENTOR’S NAME / YEAR OF INVENTION / INVENTION / HOW DID THE INVENTION AFFECT INDUSTRIALIZATION?BESSEMER
EDISON
BELL
WRIGHT
BROTHERS
WESTINGHOUSE
DRAKE
PULLMAN
OTTO
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
THE ASSEMBLY LINE:
MORE ______PRODUCED (HIGHER QUANTITY);
PRICE OF GOODS WENT ______BECAUSE SUPPLY WENT ______
WHAT WAS THE QUALITY OF GOODS PRODUCED BY THE ASSEMBLY LINE?
How did the assembly line affect industrialization?
THE STEEL INDUSTRY:
Document 2:
TONS OF STEEL PRODUCED IN THE U.S.
1,000,000 /900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
1870 / 1880
Use the graph above to answer the following questions.
1.) In 1870, how much steel was produced?
2.) In 1880, how much steel was produced?
3.) What was the reason for the difference (p. 579)?
Use the first paragraph under “Free Enterprise and Big Business” p. 581, to fill in the blanks and answer the questions below.
As the US economy grew during the Second Industrial Revolution, the federal government favored ______. This means that the government usually does ______interfere with business. The government was not passing many laws to tell businesses what to do. This made it easier for some people to start their own business. They were called ______.
Many entrepreneurs formed their business as corporations. Why would a person want to start a corporation?
Since entrepreneurs had a lot of freedom, they became robber barons -
What made a person a robber baron? (p. 582 paragraphs 3, 4, & 5 in textbook)
Monopolies are bad for consumers because the owner can ______the price and ______the quality since there is no ______with other businesses.Some of these robber barons were considered to be philanthropists because they were ______with their money, donating milions to charity.
How did entrepreneurs affect industrialization?
Document 4:
1) Who is the man in this cartoon?
2) What industry did he control?
3) What is made to look like a factory in the background?
4) What is the message of this cartoon?
5) What act was passed to try to prevent monopolies?
THERE WERE ALSO MANY PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION
WORKING CONDITIONS:
Describe what working conditions were like below (p. 586).
Document 5:
DOCUMENT 6:
Then there was old Antanas. The winter came, and the place where he worked was a dark, unheated cellar, where you could see your breath all day, and where your fingers sometimes tried to freeze. So the old man's cough grew every day worse, until there came a time when it hardly ever stopped, and he had become a nuisance about the place. Then, too, a still more dreadful thing happened to him; he worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals, and it was not long before they had eaten through his new boots. Then sores began to break out on his feet, and grow worse and worse. Whether it was that his blood was bad, or there had been a cut, he could not say; but he asked the men about it, and learned that it was a regular thing – it was the saltpeter. Everyone felt it, sooner or later, and then it was all up with him, at least for that sort of work. The sores would never heal – in the end his toes would drop off, if he did not quit. Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and he remembered what it had cost him to get a job. So he tied up his feet, and went on limping about and coughing, until at last he fell to pieces, all at once and in a heap, like the One-Horse Shay. They carried him to a dry place and laid him on the floor, and that night two of the men helped him home. The poor old man was put to bed, and though he tried it every morning until the end, he never could get up again. He would lie there and cough and cough, day and night, wasting away to a mere skeleton. There came a time when there was so little flesh on him that the bones began to poke through.
There was no heat upon the killing beds; the men might exactly as well have worked out of doors all winter. For that matter, there was very little heat anywhere in the building, except in the cooking rooms and such places – and it was the men who worked in these who ran the most risk of all, because whenever they had to pass to another room they had to go through ice-cold corridors, and sometimes with nothing on above the waist except a sleeveless undershirt. On the killing beds you were apt to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned against a pillar, you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade of your knife, you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men would tie up their feet in newspapers and old sacks, and these would be soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on, until by nighttime a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of an elephant. Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would see them plunging their feet and ankles into the steaming hot carcass of the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water jets. The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them – all of those who used knives – were unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also the air would be full of steam, from the hot water and the hot blood, so that you could not see five feet before you; and then, with men rushing about at the speed they kept up on the killing beds, and all with butcher knives, like razors, in their hands – well, it was to be counted as a wonder that there were not more men slaughtered than cattle.
Excerpt from The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair
QUESTIONS:
- What was it like working in the factory?
- What was wrong with Antanas as a result of the working conditions and what eventually happened to him?
- List some of the dangers of working on the killing beds.
Due to the bad working conditions, workers formed ______. Sometimes the unions decided to go on ______to get better conditions.
Why caused the strike? / Was the strike successful?Haymarket Riot
Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike
DOCUMENT 6:
Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back there. Not that it would hurt them; kicks and cuffs are their daily diet. They have little else. Here where the hall turns and dives into utter darkness is a step, and another, another. A flight of stairs. You can feel your way, if you cannot see it. Close? Yes! What would you have? All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements… That was a woman filling her pail by the hydrant you just bumped against. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access--and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. Hear the pump squeak! It is the lullaby of tenement-house babes. In summer, when a thousand thirsty throats pant for a cooling drink in this block, it is worked in vain. But the saloon, whose open door you passed in the hall, is always there. The smell of it has followed you up. Here is a door. Listen! That short hacking cough, that tiny, helpless wail--what do they mean? They mean that the soiled bow of white you saw on the door downstairs will have another story to tell-…What if the words ring in your ears as we grope our way up the stairs and down from floor to floor, listening to the sounds behind the closed doors--some of quarrelling, some of coarse songs, more of profanity. They are true. When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. Come over here. Step carefully over this baby--it is a baby, spite of its rags and dirt--under these iron bridges called fire-escapes, but loaded down, despite the incessant watchfulness of the firemen, with broken household goods, with wash-tubs and barrels, over which no man could climb from a fire. This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people. Do you wonder the name does not attract them to the churches? That baby's parents live in the rear tenement here. She is at least as clean as the steps we are now climbing. There are plenty of houses with half a hundred such in. The tenement is much like the one in front we just left, only fouler, closer, darker--we will not say more cheerless. The word is a mockery. A hundred thousand people lived in rear tenements in New York last year. Here is a room neater than the rest. The woman, a stout matron with hard lines of care in her face, is at the wash-tub. "I try to keep the childer clean," she says, apologetically, but with a hopeless glance around. The spice of hot soapsuds is added to the air already tainted with the smell of boiling cabbage, of rags and uncleanliness all about. It makes an overpowering compound. It is Thursday, but patched linen is hung upon the pulley-line from the window. There is no Monday cleaning in the tenements. It is wash-day all the week round, for a change of clothing is scarce among the poor. They are poverty's honest badge, these perennial lines of rags hung out to dry, those that are not the washerwoman's professional shingle. The true line to be drawn between pauperism and honest poverty is the clothes-line. With it begins the effort to be clean that is the first and the best evidence of a desire to be honest.
DOCUMENT 6: QUESTIONS
1.)Why is it so dark in the tenement?
2.) Where do the people get their water?
3.) Why does Riis show a difference between the poor people in the tenements and paupers?
Document 7:
What problems were caused by urbanization?
Document 8:
Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890.
DOCUMENT 9:
Question:
Document 10:
The environmental problem was not serious or widespread until the eighteenth century and early part of the nineteenth century. This period in history is called the Industrial Revolution, which began in England and spread to other European countries and the United States. The main feature of the Industrial Revolution was the development of factories and overcrowding with factory workers in cities. At that time coal was the prime energy fuel to power most of the factories and to heat most of the homes in the cities. Because of the burning of coal, the air over such industrial cities as London became filled with huge amounts of smoke and soot containing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
An additional problem was poor sanitation facilities, which allowed raw sewage to get into water supplies in some cities. The polluted water caused typhoid fever and other diseases. In the early 1900’s, air pollution in industrial cities in the United States became a particularly serious problem.
1)When did environmental problems become serious?
2)What caused these problems?
3)How did this affect cities?
4)What different types of pollution were there and what problems did these different types of pollution cause?
5)What was to blame for this pollution?
Document 11:
Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought
Campbell Robertson for The New York Times, April 28, 2010
NEW ORLEANS — Government officials said late Wednesday night that oil might be leaking from a well in the Gulf of Mexico at a rate five times that suggested by initial estimates.
A scientist from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had concluded that oil is leaking at the rate of 5,000 barrels a day, not 1,000 as had been estimated. While emphasizing that the estimates are rough given that the leak is at 5,000 feet below the surface.
An explosion and fire on a drilling rig on April 20 left 11 workers missing and presumed dead. The rig sank two days later about 50 miles off the Louisiana coast.
Wind patterns may push the spill into the coast of Louisiana as soon as Friday night, officials said, prompting consideration of more urgent measures to protect coastal wildlife. Among them were using cannons to scare off birds and employing local shrimpers’ boats as makeshift oil skimmers in the shallows.
Part of the oil slick was only 16 miles offshore and closing in on the Mississippi River Delta, the marshlands at the southeastern tip of Louisiana where the river empties into the ocean. Already 100,000 feet of protective booms have been laid down to protect the shoreline, with 500,000 feet more standing by, said Charlie Henry, an oil spill expert for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, at an earlier news conference on Wednesday.
The array of strategies underscores the unusual nature of the leak. Pipelines have ruptured and tankers have leaked, but a well 5,000 feet below the water’s surface poses new challenges, officials said.
Until Wednesday night, the well had been estimated to be leaking 1,000 barrels, or 42,000 gallons, each day.
The response team has tried in vain to engage a device called a blowout preventer, a stack of hydraulically activated valves at the top of the well that is designed to seal off the well in the event of a sudden pressure release — a possible cause for the explosion on the rig.
Mr. Hayward said the blowout preventer was tested 10 days ago and worked. He said a valve must be partly closed; otherwise the spillage would be worse.
As the investigation into the cause continued, officials, scientists, and those who make their living on the GulfCoast were focused on the impending prospect of the oil’s landfall.
1)What problem is described in the article?
2) What solutions have scientists tried?
2)Who is being hurt by the problem?
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
Chapter 19- An Industrial and Urban Nation
Turn to Page 578, Section #1: The Second Industrial Revolution
Read pages 578-584. Then answer the following questions using those pages:
1. Explain what the Bessemer process was and why it was important?