1. In Darwin’s view of descent with modification _____.
  2. An organism’s traits only affect its own survival
  3. Natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment
  4. Individuals can evolve
  5. Environmental changes have no effect on the organisms living in that environment
  6. The smallest unit that can evolve in a(n) _____.
  7. Species
  8. Genotype
  9. Individual
  10. Population
  11. Vestigial organs are _____.
  12. Remnants of structures that were useful to an organism’s ancestors
  13. One piece of evidence that does not support the theory of evolution
  14. Examples of anatomical imperfections such as the human knee
  15. Homologies that can only be observed in embryos
  16. To describe evolution as a “scientific theory” means that _____.
  17. It is not factual
  18. It is a matter of opinion
  19. It is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence
  20. It can be considered dogma
  21. In the context of populations, how do we define evolution?
  22. Evolution is a change in a population’s allelic frequencies over generations
  23. Evolution is the tendency for some individuals in a populations to leave more offspring than others
  24. Evolution is the way in which sexual reproduction can rapidly spread advantageous traits throughout the population
  25. Evolution is always caused by natural selection
  26. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 represents _____.
  27. The total alleles in the gene pool
  28. The frequency of heterozygous dominant individuals in the population
  29. The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in the population
  30. The expected frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population
  31. In a large population of bonobos, the frequency of the recessive allele is initially 0.1. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? Assume that there are two alleles of this gene.
  32. 10%
  33. 20%
  34. 50%
  35. 90%
  36. In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 1% of the individuals in a population show the recessive trait of a certain characteristic. In this situation, what is the value of p?
  37. 99%
  38. 0.81
  39. 0.9
  40. 0.18
  41. In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell disease?
  42. 4%
  43. 8%
  44. 16%
  45. 32%
  46. Which of the following sets of conditions is required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
  47. A large population, no mutations, and natural selection
  48. A large population, random mutations, and no migrations of alleles in or out
  49. No mutations, sexual selection, and no natural selection
  50. Random mating, no natural selection, and a large population
  51. A population of 15 birds inhabits a fairly new island. Ten of the birds are dark brown and five of them are light brown. By chance, two of the dark brown birds and three of the light brown birds die before producing any offspring. All of the birds in the next generation are dark brown. This change in phenotypic frequency can be attributed to _____.
  52. Natural selection
  53. Genetic drift
  54. Gene flow
  55. Disruptive selection
  56. An earthquake hits a small island. All but a small group of closely related lizards are eliminated, and the survivors spread out over the island. This is an instance of _____.
  57. Founder effect
  58. Bottleneck effect
  59. Gene flow
  60. Nonrandom mating
  61. Which of the following is the best example of gene flow?
  62. A small population of humans colonizes a newly formed island
  63. An earthquake results in the formation of a canyon, splitting a population of toads apart
  64. Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs
  65. All the mutations in a population were neutral
  66. A population of squirrels is preyed upon by small hawks. The smaller squirrels can escape into burrows. The larger squirrels can fight off the hawks. After several generations, the squirrels in the area tend to be very small or very large. What process is responsible for this outcome?
  67. Stabilizing selection
  68. Directional selection
  69. Disruptive selection
  70. Balancing selection
  71. Which one of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur?
  72. Reproductive isolation
  73. Sympatric speciation
  74. Mass extinction
  75. Interbreeding among neighboring populations
  76. Prezygotic barriers _____.
  77. Prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species
  78. Prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult
  79. Prevent fertilization from occurring between members of the same species with incompatible genes
  80. Prevent donkeys and horses from mating
  81. Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____.
  82. Prezygotic barrier; behavioral isolation
  83. Postzygotic; hybrid breakdown
  84. Prezygotic; temporal isolation
  85. Postzygotic; mechanical isolation
  86. Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
  87. One species of frog mates in April, another mates in May
  88. Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring
  89. The sperm of a marine worm can only penetrate eggs of the same species
  90. One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows
  91. The biological species concept emphasizes _____.
  92. Molecular differences
  93. The evolution of reproductive isolation
  94. Common ancestry
  95. Morphological and structural features
  96. Which of the following organisms are most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation?
  97. Whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean
  98. Pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar
  99. Mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utah
  100. Fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on organs
  101. In the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids, sympatric speciation has been shown to be driven by _____.
  102. Habitat differentiation
  103. Mechanical isolation
  104. Sexual selection
  105. Post-zygotic barriers