Guided Notes: Biotechnology

Genetic Engineering

  • ______refers to any process in which man ______an organisms ______
  • Examples include: ______

Gel Electrophoresis

  • ______is the process of separating ______based on ______
  • Process of comparing ______is used in a number of things, including:
  • ______individuals through ______
  • ______ID
  • ______relationships
  • Steps in Gel Electrophoresis
  • ______samples are cut into different sized fragments using restriction ______
  • Fragments are run on ______through an electric current- ______fragments move ______(not as far), while ______pieces will move ______(farther)
  • These movements will create ______on the gel that can be read under UV light or through ______
  • The different bands are then able to be compared to other ______segments for ______
  • Reading Gels: Identifying Individuals
  • DNA ______are different for every person
  • Can be used to identify ______
  • Which suspects gel on the right matches the scene of the crime?
  • Reading Gels: Paternity
  • Parental gels can help determine the father
  • Gels are read with ______the bands coming from mom, and half from ______
  • In the gel to the right, is the father shown in A or B?
  • Reading Gels: Endangered Species
  • Species can be identified using gel electrophoresis-used in ______and ______species

Transgenic Organisms

  • A transgenic organism is any organism that has a ______from another organism within it
  • Inserting a ______piece of ______into a cell
  • Transgenic organisms come about when humans would like the ______of one organism to be present in another!
  • Transgenic organisms are commonly used in agriculture and industries like pharmaceutical companies
  • Transgenic Organisms: Agriculture
  • Sometimes, transgenic organisms are grown in ______in order to help keep crops ______, resist ______, produce higher yield and last longer.
  • Examples include:
  • BT Corn: ______
  • Frost Resistant Strawberries ______
  • Transgenic Organisms: Industry
  • Transgenic organisms have allowed for the production of things previously unavailable to us
  • Example: ______
  • Insulin diabetics must inject insulin because their body does not produce or use it normally
  • Thanks to genetic engineering, scientists have found a way to create ______insulin produced by ______or yeast
  • Things like this are done through a process called ______
  • Steps of Bacterial Transformation:
  • First, you must ______the gene of interest
  • Insertion of foreign DNA gene into bacterial ______. Done using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase.
  • A plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can be separated from the ______DNA and replicate independently; typically used in lab manipulation of ______
  • Getting bacteria to take in the plasmid; Recombinant DNA is ______into the bacteria.
  • Selecting the ______transformed bacteria
  • Producing the ______
  • The bacteria has now been ______to produce the product based on the genes that were selected and inserted (ex. ______)
  • Selective Breeding: ______
  • Example: ______

The Human Genome Project

  • Started in ______, the Human Genome Project was started with the goal of determining the ______of chemical base pairs that make up human ______
  • The ______was established with the hope that knowing the human genome would allow them not only to ______genes that cause genetic conditions (diabetes, heart disease, cancer, etc.), but also ______!
  • The Human Genome Project was successfully completed in ______!
  • For the first time, scientists were able to read the ______of a human being!

Gene Therapy

  • Gene therapy is a method of using ______to treat or ______
  • Nucleic acids ______inserted into cells as a drug are used to express proteins or interfere with expression
  • Remember-DNA codes for ______that determine traits!
  • Uses include:
  • ______: An immunodeficiency disease in one in which disorders prevent the body from fighting infections and diseases the way it should
  • ______

Ethical Issues in Biotechnology

  • Genetically modified organisms, or ______, are often a big debate-especially since many are ______by us!
  • Example: ______
  • They are produced for numerous reasons in order to benefit ______, including increasing crop production, lowering ______
  • There is debate, however, on whether this is always ______for human consumption since the ______do not occur ______
  • Allergies, gene transfer to cells of the body, etc.

The Debate over Biotechnology

  • When talking about this topic, the largest issue is always the ______of such methods
  • What do you think?
  • Should science ______?
  • Should science improve other organisms?
  • What ______might there be to this technology?
  • Transgenic Organisms
  • Example: ______
  • Used to: ______
  • Cloning
  • Making an ______copy of an organism.
  • Steps:
  • Taking unfertilized egg of female and removing ______
  • Retrieving nucleus of ______(body) cell of individual you would like to clone
  • Inserting the somatic nucleus into ______cell
  • Providing ______factors needed
  • First animal to be cloned was Dolly the sheep in 1996
  • Gene Therapy
  • Recall that gene therapy uses the alteration of a person’s genes to treat genetic conditions
  • Ethical issues surrounding this include:
  • Who decides which ______are normal/faulty?
  • Will this only be available to ______individuals?
  • Should it be used to ______other traits, like height, intelligence, or athletic ability?
  • Stem Cells
  • Stem cells are ______cells that can become any different type of cells
  • Recall that differentiation takes place as a ______develops-undifferentiated cells become complex system of tissues and cell types
  • ______- Can become all cell types in the human body
  • ______- Thought to be limited to differentiating into only those cell types of their tissue of origin (brain, heart, blood, etc.)
  • ______are used in research with the potential to treat diseases and aid in research
  • However, ______issues cause debate since stem cells are derived from zygotes- In order to use them, human embryos must be ______
  • Debate is still ongoing, but new research about stimulating a patients cells to behave like stem cells may open new possibilities
  • What do you think??