Supplementary Material2Males that gained alpha status (form and year) and its original description in the literature.
Males that gained alpha status(form, year) / Description (reference)
Kalunde
(Coalition, 1991)
Nsaba
(Coalition, 1995)
Humphrey
(Coalition, 1971)
Fitz
(Coalition, 1991)
Ntologi
(Solo, 1992)
Fanana
(Solo, 1997)
Figan
(Alliance, 1973)
Goblin
(Solo, 1982)
Kendo
(Alliance, 1990)
Ntologi
(Unknown, 1979)
Macho
(Unknown, 1988)
Marius
(Unknown, 1999)
Mike
(Unknown, 1964) / ‘Coalition’ (Table 8.1. in Nishida 2011)
‘Coalition’ (Table 8.1. in Nishida 2011)
‘And even the time came, Humphrey might not have attacked Mike except for the presence of Faben, at that time his frequent companion and ally’ (p426, Goodall 1986).
‘Mike was sitting in camp by himself, peacefully eating a few bananas when suddenly Humphrey, closely followed by Faben, charged up the slope and attacked him––just like that. For no obvious reason, with no apparent provocation. Mike, screaming, sought refuge up a tree. Humphrey followed, pulled him to the ground, and hit and stamped on him again. Faben, for good measure, joined the fray, and pounded on Mike a couple of times. Humphrey, seeming almost shocked by what he had done, was already leaving, and Faben followed him. The two aggressors vanished, leaving Mike utterly shattered, giving soft calls of fear and distress.
It had all happened so suddenly, was over so quickly. Yet it was truly a historic event, for it marked the end of an era, Mike’s six-year reign as alpha’ (Goodall 1990).
‘But when young Fitz started to show some interest in the alpha position, Darwin became his ally and started to display with him’ (p69 Boesch &Boesch-Achermann 2000).
‘Fitz and Darwin displayed in tandem only four times, and this was the only trace of what had been an alliance when Fitz fought his way up the hierarchy to the alpha position in 1991’ (p122 Boesch &Boesch-Achermann 2000).
‘Alone’ (Table 8.1. in Nishida 2011).
‘Alone’ (Table 8.1. in Nishida 2011).
‘The alliance between Figan and Faben, which enabled Figan to attain alpha status, is a perfect example of stable coalition’ (p418, Goodall 1986).
‘Figan attacked Hugo and then immediately attacked Humphrey who was already in his nest. They fell to the ground together, still fighting. Figan then chased Humphrey for several meters. Humphrey screamed loudly for 45 sec with a full open grin. During the next 15min, Figan displayed 5 times, twice leaping down onto low-ranking Jomeo who was nesting below. Each time he attacked and then chased Jomeo. Both Humphrey and Jomeo uttered ‘waa barks’ [threat, Van Lawick-Goodall, 1968] for over 30 sec after the first attack on Jomeo. Humphrey then made another nest but was subsequently attacked again by Figan who leapt down onto him from a higher branch. Eventually Figan made his own nest and was quiet. He was very clearly dominant over Humphrey on this occasion, and on all subsequent occasions. (Interesting to note that Faben, although he did not assist Figan, was nevertheless, preset on this occasion)’ (Riss & Goodall 1977).
‘Despite this, and even before Figan’s disappearance in mid-1982, Goblin once more became top-ranked male’ (p435; see also Fig. 15.3, Goodall 1986).
‘Goblin, for the first time since turning on Figan five years earlier, had an ally’ (Goodall 1990)*.
*Note that this coalition is formed at 1983 (i.e., after Goblin became an alpha male).
‘In October 1987, the number of conflicts between Macho and the Kendo-Ella team increased markedly’ (p 74, Boesch &Boesch-Achermann 2000).
‘In September 1989, the whole family reappeared in the group. In November, despite her tiny baby, Ella started to support Kendo actively in his challenges against Macho. This time, Macho clearly feared Ella’s support, as we heard him scream whenever he heard her supportive barks, even if she was out of sight. In December, Kendo defeated Macho in a violent fight in which Macho lost a toe and a phalanx of a finger. Kendo became one of the most powerful and aggressive alpha males of the community we had seen’ (p 74, Boesch &Boesch-Achermann 2000).
‘Unknown’ (Table 8.1. in Nishida 2011)*.
*Note that the estimated RHP for late 1979 to 1980 was classified as “1980” in the model with yearly dominance information, as the estimated RHP in 1978 was based on data from 1978 to early 1979.
‘In early summer 1988, Macho became the alpha male of the community’ (p74, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000).
No available description.
‘In 1964 Mike challenged and defeated Goliath, through the intelligent incorporation of noisy cans into his charging displays’ (p424, Goodall 1986).
‘Mike took over the alpha-position without being observed to attack any other males’ (Riss and Goodall 1977).
References
Boesch C, Boesch-Achermann H (2000)TheChimpanzeesoftheTaï Forest: Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford.
Goodall J (1986) TheChimpanzeesofGombe: Patterns of Behavior. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge.
Goodall J (1990) Throughawindow:mythirtyyearswiththe chimpanzees ofGombe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Nishida T (2011) TheChimpanzeesoftheLakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Riss D, Goodall J (1977)Therecentrisetothealpharankinapopulation offree-livingchimpanzees. Folia Primatol 27: 134–151.
Masaru Hasegawa & Nobuyuki Kutsukake* (2014) Bayesian competitivenessestimation predicts dominance turnover among males in wild chimpanzees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
*Corresponding author:
Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies