Goal 11.06: Identify political events and the actions and reactions of the government officials and citizens, and assess the social and political consequences NOTE 11.04–THE VIETNAM WAR NOTES WILL BE GIVEN EXCLUSIVELY IN CLASS!!!

  1. ______(1890 – 1969)
  2. 34th President (1953-61)
  3. Republican, went by the nickname “Ike”
  4. Hero of WWII, Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe, Organized the D-Day Invasion
  5. Had never held an elected office before becoming president
  6. “Dynamic ______”
  7. Eisenhower attempted to be conservative with government spending while still supporting dynamic programs designed to help the poor
  8. Ike curtailed military spending by building more nuclear weapons (He called them “more bang for the buck”)
  9. Extended many of FDR’s New Deal programs to help the disadvantaged
  10. ______
  11. Authorized the spending of $25 billion in federal funds to build 41,000 miles of highways over a period of 20 years
  12. Interstate highways were built in order to allow the speedy movement of troops and supplies around the country in case of invasion or other national emergency
  13. ______
  14. Law which provided for dramatically increased spending on education, especially in science, math, and foreign languages
  15. Passed in response to the belief that the US was falling behind the Soviets in scientific and technological fields
  16. Increased the number of high-school graduates who went on to college
  17. ______
  18. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1953
  19. Warren would remain the head of the Court until his retirement in 1969
  20. The Warren Court would hand down some of the most important decisions of the 20th Century (See “The Warren Court” Handout)
  21. Alaska & Hawaii
  22. In 1959, Eisenhower oversaw the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as the 49th and 50th states in the Union
  23. CIA Interventions
  24. Iran: allowed CIA to stage a coup to remove a Prime Minister who was willing to sell Iranian oil to the Soviets
  25. Guatemala: allowed CIA to train opposition rebels to overthrow a pro-communist regime
  26. ______
  27. In 1957, Eisenhower pledged US assistance to any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism
  28. Almost immediately, US forces were sent to Lebanon to help that government combat communist rebels
  29. ______
  30. The US withdrew financial support from an Egyptian dam project over weapons purchases that threatened Israel
  31. Egypt confiscated the Suez Canal from French and British investors in order to raise funds for the dam
  32. Britain and France invaded Egypt to retake the canal, leading the Soviets (who saw an opportunity to win Egypt as an ally) to threaten war
  33. Eisenhower forced Britain and France to withdraw, but the damage was already done - many Arab states now saw the West as an aggressor and aligned themselves with the Soviets
  34. ______
  35. In Eisenhower’s Farewell Address, he warned against unchecked military spending, stating “we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex”
  36. Essentially, Eisenhower was warning that defense contractors were becoming too friendly with the military high command, creating a conflict of interest where their profits were more important than what was in the best interests of the nation
  37. Election of 1960
  38. Republicans nominated Eisenhower’s Vice-President, Richard Nixon
  39. Democrats nominated Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy
  40. Election featured the first ______and it was the first time television was used as a serious campaign tool
  41. Kennedy won in a tight election, in some ways due to his better manipulation of television
  42. ______(1917 – 1963)
  43. 35th President (1961 – 63)
  44. WWII veteran who had held his own command in the US Navy
  45. First ______
  46. In his inaugural address, he famously stated “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”
  47. The ______
  48. Created in 1961
  49. Purpose is “To promote world peace and friendship … which shall make available to interested countries … men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.”
  50. Since 1961, over 200,000 college-educated American volunteers have served 2-year commitments in foreign nations
  51. ______
  52. JFK proposed ambitious policies intended to boost education, health insurance for the elderly, create a Dept. of Urban Affairs, & help migrants
  53. Congress decided that Kennedy’s programs were too expensive and voted against them
  54. ______
  55. Under the approval of then-President Eisenhower, the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) began training Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba with the purpose of overthrowing Castro’s communist government.
  56. In April 1961, the exiles landed at The Bay of Pigs in Cuba, but were quickly defeated by Cuban military forces when the US failed to provide any further invention on their behalf
  57. Major international embarrassment for the US
  58. The ______
  59. Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in Fall 1962
  60. US demanded their removal and enacted a naval blockade of Cuba to stop Soviet ships from bringing more missiles
  61. Many thought that WWIII would result as the US and USSR faced off over a tense 13-day period, each threatening the other with nuclear force
  62. Soviets eventually backed down and removed the missiles, thanks to the US publicly promising not to invade Cuba and secretly agreeing to remove American missiles from Turkey
  63. Assassination______
  64. While riding in a motorcade in Dallas, TX, Kennedy was shot and killed
  65. Lee Harvey ______was charged with the killing, but was himself shot and killed 2 days later by Jack Ruby while being transported from jail to appear in court
  66. ______(1908 – 1973)
  67. 36th President (1963-69)
  68. Served in Congress for the state of Texas for 24 years before becoming JFK’s Vice-President
  69. Assumed the presidency upon Kennedy’s death
  70. Dedicated himself to seeing Kennedy’s programs reach fruition
  71. The ______
  72. Johnson’s programs aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice – a rebirth of JFK’s “New Frontier”
  73. Proposed major reforms in civil rights, welfare, education, health, arts & culture, and transportation
  74. Civil Rights
  75. ______: Banned segregation of public facilities, racial discrimination in hiring
  76. ______: banned literacy tests
  77. ______: abolished national-origin immigration quotas
  78. ______: banned housing discrimination, provided constitutional protections to Native Americans
  79. ______
  80. Johnson believed that the best way to deal with poverty was not simply to raise the incomes of the poor but to help them better themselves through education, job training, and community development.
  81. Between 1964 and 1966, LBJ spent $3 billion on antipoverty programs
  82. ______
  83. Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO): oversaw community-based antipoverty programs
  84. Neighborhood Youth Corp: provided job experience to poor urban teens while encouraging them to graduate high school
  85. ______: helped disadvantaged youth gain marketable job skills
  86. ______domestic version of the Peace Corps
  87. Education
  88. ______: offered pre-school for children of the poor
  89. ______: program which helps poor teens go to college
  90. Elementary & Secondary Education Act of 1965: provided federal money for schools to the states (current form of program is called “______”)
  91. Higher Education Act of 1965: increased federal money to universities, provided money for scholarships for poor students
  92. Bilingual Education Act of 1968: provided federal money for establishment of ESL programs
  93. Health
  94. ______: provided assistance to low-income families by subsidizing food expenses
  95. ______: provides no-cost health insurance to senior citizens
  96. ______: subsidized health care program for poor or disabled persons
  97. Arts & Culture
  98. National Endowment for the Arts: provided federal funds for arts education
  99. National Endowment for the Humanities: provided federal funds for humanities (English, History) education
  100. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS): provides noncommercial educational television programming
  101. National Public Radio (NPR): provides noncommercial educational radio programming
  102. Transportation
  103. National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966
  104. Highway Safety Act of 1966
  105. Both set new federal guidelines for safety in automobile design and road design and construction
  106. Largely the result of increased public awareness of traffic safety due to ______which exposed car makers’ reluctance to improve safety due to increased costs
  107. Johnson Decides Not to Run in 1968
  108. ______, the Democratic Party was badly divided, with no one (including LBJ) appearing to be the front runner for the 1968 presidential nomination
  109. The expense of the war was keeping LBJ from being able to fund his Great Society programs sufficiently enough to make them successful
  110. Johnson surprised everyone when he announced in March 1968, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President.”
  111. ______
  112. The top candidate to win the Democratic nomination, JFK’s younger brother Robert, was shot and killed on June 6, 1968 by a Palestinian who was angry over Kennedy’s support of ______
  113. “Some men see things as they are and say why. I dream things that never were and say why not.”
  114. Election of 1968
  115. After a tumultuous Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which saw widespread protests and violent clashes with police by antiwar protestors, the Democratic Party nominated LBJ’s Vice-President Hubert Humphrey
  116. The Republicans nominated Richard Nixon
  117. George Wallace ran as an independent, pro-segregation candidate
  118. Nixon won by a wide margin
  119. ______(1913 – 1994)
  120. 37th President (1969 – 74)
  121. Had been Eisenhower’s Vice-President and had lost the 1960 presidential election
  122. Nixon also lost the 1962 election for Governor of California, after which he temporarily withdrew from politics, pledging "You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore”
  123. Entered the 1968 presidential election at the urging of his many Republican supporters
  124. ______
  125. Nixon supported turning over many federal programs to local and state governments who could run them more efficiently; these governments would then be provided with federal funds to run the programs
  126. Over time, however, this system made the federal government more powerful, since it could threaten to withhold funding unless local and state governments met certain conditions
  127. ______(1971)
  128. After the leak of the ______, Nixon attempted to prevent the Times from publishing the information, claiming that it was a violation of the Espionage Act to publish classified government papers
  129. The Supreme Court ruled that 1st Amendment Freedom of Press rights held, since the government could offer no justification for prior restraint
  130. ______
  131. Nixon looked to improve relations with both communist China and the Soviet Union
  132. In 1972, Nixon became the first US president to visit China, hoping to exploit a rift between the Chinese and Russians and gain influence
  133. The Soviets responded by welcoming Nixon to Moscow just 3 months later
  134. ______(______)
  135. US and Soviets agreed to limit the number and type of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) held by each nation
  136. Led to dramatically improved relations with the Soviet Union
  137. The ______Scandal
  138. June 17, 1972: 5 men were caught breaking into the Democratic Party’s national headquarters in the Watergate complex of Washington DC
  139. All 5 were tied to the Republican Party’s Committee to Re-Elect the President (CReeP)
  140. Investigative journalists uncovered evidence tying several key Nixon aides directly to the plot, forcing Nixon to dismiss them
  141. Nixon appointed Archibald Cox as special prosecutor to oversee the Watergate investigation
  142. When it was discovered that Nixon had an audio-recording system that taped all conversations within the Oval Office, Cox subpoenaed the tapes
  143. The tapes proved that Nixon had attempted to cover-up his aides’ involvement in the break-in, so he ordered Cox to drop the subpoena
  144. When Cox refused to drop the subpoena, Nixon demanded that Cox’s boss, the Attorney General, fire him
  145. Both the Attorney General and his top assistant resigned rather than fire Cox, but the third-ranking officer in the Department of Justice gave in to the president’s demand (called the Midnight Massacre due to loss of so many high ranking staff at the Dept. of Justice)
  146. A new special prosecutor was appointed, and by this time the Senate was conducting its own investigation and demanded the tapes
  147. ______(1974)
  148. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the ______
  149. Nixon was ordered to turn over tape recordings of conversations within the Oval Office relevant to the Watergate cover-up
  150. ______
  151. Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974 under threat of impeachment for his role in the cover-up of the Watergate break-in
  152. His resignation left his Vice-President Gerald ______(who had not been elected, but rather appointed after Nixon’s elected Vice-President, Spiro Agnew, had been forced to resign the year before in a bribery scandal) as President
  153. Ford quickly ______Nixon