Name: ______Date: ______Per: ______
EXAM STUDY GUIDE - AP Biology
CELLS AND CELLULAR PROCESSES
1. Refer to the graph below, which illustrates the percent change in the mass of pieces of plant tissue placed in solutions of different sucrose molarities.
Describe what happens to the plant tissues/cells placed in each solution and why this occurs, which solutions are hypo-, hyper-, isotonic.s
a. 0.0
b. 0.2
c. 0.4
d. 0.6
e. 0.8
f. 1.0
2. Label the picture below, identify the function of the parts.
3. Describe the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. What is the role of phospholipids
4. What role do glycoproteins/glycolipids/membrane carbohydrates have as antigens?
5. Describe the structure and function of the following; Are they in Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Plant & Animal Cells
Structure / Function / Prokary / Eukary / Plantcells / Animal Cells
a. Lysosome
f. Nucleus
b. Nucleolus
c. Cyto- skeleton (all components)
g. chromatin
d. Smooth ER
e. Rough ER
F. ribosomes
g. mito- chondria
h. chloroplast
6. What is the difference in cytokinesis in plants and in animals?
7. What key events occur at each stage of mitosis?
8. How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?
9. Describe each of the following influence the efficiency of enzymes:
a. Temperatures (high vs. low) & (pH)
b. Vitamins
d. Enzyme-substrate complex
e. Competitive inhibition
f. Noncompetitive inhibition
g. Feedback inhibition
10. A biologist prepares an in vitro analysis of the activity of the enzyme amylase, which promotes the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to monosaccharide residues. Three flasks containing 5 milliliters of 4 percent amylose (starch) in water are prepared with the addition at time zero of each of the substances indicated in the diagrams below.
a. What is the control?
b. Which flasks would result in monosaccharide sugars? Why?
11. Compare and contrast the following:
a. Osmosis diffusion
b. Active passive transport
c. Active transport & facilitated diffusion
Respiration
12. What is the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration.
13. What happens in glycolysis? Why is this thought to be an ancient form of respiration?
14. What happens to pyruvate before it enters into the mitochondria.
15. How does NADH and FADH2 result in ATP?
Photosynthesis
16. How is solar energy converted to Chemical energy?
17. How are ATP, NADPH and O2 created?
18. How does the Calvin cycle make use of the energy from the light reactions to make G3P?
19. How do photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration utilize electrochemical gradients. (using e- to make gradients of H+)?
20. In a laboratory experiment an enzyme is combined with its substrate at time zero. The release of the resulting solution (product) is measured at time zero and at five-minute intervals. In this procedure an increase in solution is related to the amount of product formed during the reaction. The experiment is conducted using the three preparations shown in the table below.
Enzyme Preparation 0 min 5 min 10min 15 min 20min
I. 3 mL of enzyme preparation 0.0 0.22 0.33 0.38 0.37
2 mL of substrate
pH 5.0
II. 3 mL of boiled enzyme preparation 0.0 0.06 0.04 0.0 0.04
2 mL of substrate
pH 5.0
III. 3 mL of enzyme preparation 0.0 0.32 0.37 0.36 0.38
2 mL of substrate
pH 6.0
a.GRAPH THE RESULTS
and explain the differences in slopes (calculate rate of reaction
b. How does pH affect the rate of reaction?
c. How does boiling the enzyme affect the rate of reaction?