European Journal of Nutrition

A cross-sectional investigation into the occupational and socio-demographic characteristics of British police force employees reporting a dietary pattern associated with cardiometabolic risk: Findings from the Airwave Health Monitoring Study

Authors Rachel Gibson1, Rebeca Eriksen1, Deepa Singh2, Anne-Claire Vergnaud2, Andrew Heard2, Queenie Chan2, Paul Elliott2 and Gary Frost1.

Table S1 Food group descriptions used for the DASH food groups

Food group / Items included / Items not included
Whole grains / Amaranth / Barley, pearled
Barley, whole, Barley meal / Barley malt flour
Brown rice, Brown rice flour, Wild rice / Bran (all grains)
Buckwheat / Corn flour/meal
Bulgur wheat / Couscous
Millett / Rice (milled, not whole grain)
Oats, Oat flour, Oatmeal / Semolina
Popcorn (only include plain) / Wheat flour (milled, not whole grain)
Quinoa / Brown flour
Whole wheat flour / Brown bread
Shredded wheat / Cornflakes
Dark rye bread / pumpernickel / Rice krispie
Muesli / Egg / rice / plain noodles
Ready Brek / quick cook oats / Crisp bread
Weetabix, Cheerios, Shreddies, All-bran / Bran flakes
Whole wheat pasta / Nutri-grain
Ryvita / rye crackers / Special K
Oatcakes / Granary bread
Whole wheat bread / Flapjack
Cakes, pastry, biscuits made with wholemeal flour
Low fat dairy / skimmed, semi skimmed milk, 1% fat milk, cottage cheese, low fat and fat free yoghurt / Dairy alternatives
Nuts, seeds, legumes / All nuts, peanuts / Seed oils
Beans / Green bean/ French bean
Lentils / Processed soya bean products
Chickpeas / Bean flours
Coconut
Marzipan
Fruit / Fresh fruit / Fruit in cakes and confectionary
Dried fruit / Jam / chutney
Pre prepared fruit including frozen and canned) / Fruit juices as cordial
100% pure fruit juices
Vegetables / Sweet potato / White potato
(UK culinary usage classification) / All fresh, and prepared vegetables (frozen, dried, canned) / Cassava
Herbs / Chutney
Tomatoes
Red and processed meat / Beef, Lamb, Pork, Veal, Mutton, Horse, / Poultry
Goat, Venison, Game meat, Offal (from any animal).
Deli meats, such as sliced turkey and bologna, Bacon, Sausages/ Hot dogs/frankfurters, Ham, Pastrami Luncheon meats.
Sugar sweetened beverages / Cordials and fruit juices with added sugar / Low calorie or artificial sweetened beverages
Energy drinks / 100% pure fruit juices
Carbonated sweetened beverages (e.g. colas, lemonade)

Table S2 Quintile cut-offs for calculating DASH scores based on individuals from the Airwave Health Monitoring Study

DASH food groups / 20% / 40% / 60% / 80%
Whole grains g/day
men / 8.1 / 27.7 / 51.1 / 89.9
women / 8.4 / 23.8 / 41.3 / 67.3
Low fat dairy g/day
men / 88.7 / 156.6 / 220.0 / 302.6
women / 72.1 / 129.0 / 190.1 / 269.9
Nuts, seeds and legumes g/day
men / 9.6 / 19.0 / 29.4 / 44.7
women / 7.4 / 16.7 / 25.8 / 41.0
Fruits g/day
men / 42.9 / 102.1 / 167.7 / 266.0
women / 47.7 / 100.2 / 160.0 / 251.5
Vegetables (excl. potatoes) g/day
men / 72.4 / 105.2 / 138.4 / 185.0
women / 80.2 / 112.4 / 148.9 / 200.1
Processed and red meat g/day
men / 43.0 / 64.2 / 85.2 / 110.4
women / 21.9 / 40.2 / 57.4 / 80.4
Sugar sweetened beverages g/day
men / 0.0 / 28.6 / 98.0 / 274.0
women / 0.0 / 29.4 / 92.9 / 233.3
Sodium mg/day*
men / 2391.6 / 2798.7 / 3191.9 / 3696.0
women / 1906.7 / 2242.9 / 2584.2 / 3008.4

*Sodium is includes only intrinsic sodium (not discretionary salt added to cooking and/or at the table)

Table S3 Dietary profile by quintile cut off of DASH score for men and women in the Airwave Health Monitoring Study

DASH score group based on quintile cut off
MEN / Q1
(least healthy) / Q2 / Q3 / Q4 / Q5
(most healthy) / p
DASH score median (range) / 17 / 9 - 19 / 21 / 20 -22 / 24 / 23 - 25 / 27 / 26 - 28 / 31 / 29- 39
Mean (SD)
Nutrient and food intake
% energy intake – total fat / 35.9 / 0.2 / 34.5 / 0.2 / 34.1 / 0.2 / 32.4 / 0.2 / 30.9 / 0.2 / <0.0001
% energy intake – saturated fat / 13.5 / 0.1 / 12.9 / 0.1 / 16.7 / 0.1 / 11.8 / 0.1 / 10.8 / 0.1 / <0.0001
% energy intake – MUFA / 12.6 / 0.1 / 12.0 / 0.1 / 11.8 / 0.1 / 11.1 / 0.1 / 10.5 / 0.1 / <0.0001
% energy intake – PUFA / 5.9 / 0.1 / 5.7 / 0.1 / 5.8 / 0.1 / 5.6 / 0.1 / 5.7 / 0.1 / 0.009
% energy intake - carbohydrate / 44.1 / 0.3 / 45.5 / 0.3 / 46.4 / 0.2 / 47.5 / 0.2 / 49.8 / 0.3 / <0.0001
% energy intake NME / 12.8 / 0.2 / 11.9 / 0.2 / 11.5 / 0.2 / 11 / 0.2 / 10.8 / 0.2 / <0.0001
% energy intake - protein / 16.5 / 0.1 / 16.9 / 0.1 / 17.0 / 0.1 / 17.4 / 0.1 / 17.9 / 0.1 / <0.0001
Energy density food kcal/g / 1.83 / 0.01 / 1.65 / 0.01 / 1.56 / 0.01 / 1.43 / 0.01 / 1.35 / 0.01 / <0.0001
NSP g/1000kcal / 4.9 / 0.1 / 5.8 / 0.1 / 6.7 / 0.1 / 7.5 / 0.1 / 8.9 / 0.1 / <0.0001
% energy intake – Alcohol / 5.0 / 9.1 / 4.6 / 8.5 / 4.0 / 6.9 / 4.7 / 7.2 / 3.6 / 6.0 / 0.0003
Vegetables grams/1000kcal / 48.9 / 30.4 / 61.5 / 35.9 / 71.5 / 41 / 82.3 / 45.1 / 101.6 / 50.8 / <0.0001
Fruit grams/1000kcal / 22.2 / 43.1 / 43.7 / 59.1 / 63 / 68 / 87.9 / 77 / 123.7 / 93.7 / <0.0001
Wholegrain grams/1000kcal / 3.7 / 12.1 / 10.8 / 20 / 18.9 / 26.3 / 28.2 / 31.2 / 39.4 / 36.2 / <0.0001
Total dairy grams/1000kcal / 79.6 / 58.6 / 104.5 / 68.3 / 121.3 / 73.0 / 133.8 / 76.6 / 160.7 / 81.2 / <0.0001
Fish grams/1000kcal / 4.6 / 12.2 / 7.5 / 14.8 / 7.5 / 15.4 / 10.2 / 16.4 / 13.1 / 18.5 / <0.0001
Total red and processed meat g/1000kcal / 47.9 / 25.3 / 41.1 / 26.9 / 36.9 / 23.7 / 32.1 / 23.1 / 24.1 / 20.4 / <0.0001
Sugar sweetened beverages g/1000kcal / 99.5 / 169.2 / 49.3 / 125.7 / 31.2 / 94.4 / 15.3 / 56.7 / 0 / 24.7 / <0.0001
Sodium mg/1000kcal / 1570 / 12 / 1530 / 11 / 1506 / 10 / 1452 / 11 / 1387 / 11 / <0.0001
Table S3 continued / DASH score group based on quintile cut off
WOMEN / Q1
(least healthy) / Q2 / Q3 / Q4 / Q5
(most healthy) / p
DASH score median (range) / 18 / 9- 19 / 21 / 20- 22 / 24 / 23 - 25 / 27 / 26 - 28 / 31 / 29 -38
Nutrient and food intake / Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
% energy intake – total fat / 35.9 / 0.3 / 34.6 / 0.3 / 34.2 / 0.2 / 32.9 / 0.2 / 31.5 / 0.3 / <0.0001
% energy intake – saturated fat / 13.4 / 0.1 / 12.9 / 0.1 / 12.6 / 0.1 / 12 / 0.1 / 11.1 / 0.1 / <0.0001
% energy intake – MUFA / 12.5 / 0.1 / 11.8 / 0.1 / 11.6 / 0.1 / 11 / 0.1 / 10.5 / 0.1 / <0.0001
% energy intake – PUFA / 6.1 / 0.1 / 5.9 / 0.1 / 6.0 / 0.1 / 5.9 / 0.1 / 5.9 / 0.1 / 0.413
% energy intake - carbohydrate / 45.4 / 0.3 / 47.3 / 0.3 / 47.3 / 0.3 / 48.8 / 0.3 / 51.3 / 0.3 / <0.0001
% energy intake NME / 13.7 / 0.2 / 12.8 / 0.2 / 11.9 / 0.2 / 11.5 / 0.2 / 11.4 / 0.2 / <0.0001
% energy intake - protein / 16.3 / 0.2 / 16.6 / 0.2 / 17 / 0.1 / 17.4 / 0.2 / 17.4 / 0.2 / <0.0001
Energy density food kcal/g / 1.70 / 0.02 / 1.58 / 0.02 / 1.45 / 0.02 / 1.36 / 0.02 / 1.24 / 0.02 / <0.0001
NSP g/1000kcal / 5.3 / 0.1 / 6.4 / 0.1 / 7.2 / 0.1 / 8.3 / 0.1 / 9.7 / 0.1 / <0.0001
% energy intake – Alcohol / 4 / 7.2 / 3.1 / 6.8 / 3.2 / 6.7 / 2.9 / 6.5 / 2.3 / 5.1 / <0.0001
Vegetables grams/1000kcal / 60.6 / 39.2 / 78 / 47.7 / 92.6 / 54.1 / 112 / 60.6 / 130.9 / 80.6 / <0.0001
Fruit grams/1000kcal / 30.6 / 54.1 / 59.1 / 47.6 / 78.1 / 80.2 / 101 / 89.1 / 149.3 / 116.8 / <0.0001
Wholegrain grams/1000kcal / 4.8 / 13.4 / 13 / 20.4 / 19 / 26.5 / 26.8 / 27 / 36.1 / 30.1 / <0.0001
Total dairy grams/1000kcal / 78.5 / 64 / 109 / 76.3 / 124.5 / 83.1 / 149.1 / 90.9 / 184 / 107.3 / <0.0001
Fish grams/1000kcal / 6.5 / 13.1 / 7.9 / 16.2 / 9.4 / 19.7 / 12.5 / 19.8 / 13.5 / 22.1 / <0.0001
Total red and processed meat g/1000kcal / 40.3 / 26.3 / 35.4 / 25.8 / 30.6 / 26.3 / 24.7 / 25.9 / 16.3 / 22.8 / <0.0001
Sugar sweetened beverages g/1000kcal / 117.6 / 176.1 / 55.2 / 124.6 / 31 / 107.1 / 18.1 / 66.7 / 0 / 34.7 / <0.0001
Sodium mg/1000kcal / 1543 / 16 / 1517 / 15 / 1466 / 14 / 1495 / 14 / 1397 / 15 / <0.0001

Abbreviations: EI energy intake, SD standard deviation, MUFA mono unsaturated fatty acids, NSP non-starch polysaccharides, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids. General linear model applied to test linear relationship between dietary intake across fifths of DASH score.