Terms to Review for Cumulative Test- Also Look Over Your Study Guides

Terms to Review for Cumulative Test- also look over your study guides

Prologue- History of Psychology

1.  Basic v. Applied Research

2.  Psychiatry V. Psychology-

3.  Neuroscience/biological Perspective-

4.  Evolutionary Perspective-

5.  Behavioral Genetics perspective-

6.  Psychodynamic Perspective-

7.  Behavioral Perspective-

8.  Cognitive perspective-

9.  Social-Cultural Perspective-

10.  Humanistic Perspective-

11.  Wilhelm Wundt (structualism)

12.  William James (functionalism)

13.  Human factors Psychologist-

14.  Industrial-organizational Psychologist-

15.  Psychometrics-

Chapter 1- Research and experimentation

1.  American Psychological Association (APA)-

2.  control group vs. experimental group-

3.  correlation coefficients-

4.  cross cultural studies -

5.  cross sectional studies vs. longitudinal-

6.  descriptive vs. inferential statistics-

7.  ethics of testing – know what rules must be followed -

8.  experiment: be able to design one-

9.  generalizability of a study-

10.  hindsight bias-

11.  illusory correlation-

12.  independent vs. dependent variables -

13.  measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode -

14.  measures of variability: range and standard deviation-

15.  operationalizing a definition-

16.  sample vs. Population-

17.  scatterplot: most often used to plot correlations-

18.  case Study-

19.  Naturalistic Observation-

20.  Correlation Study-

21.  testable hypothesis-

22.  frequency polygon-

23.  Hawthorne Effect-

24.  histogram -

25.  learning curve-

26.  linkage analysis-

Chapter 2- Biological perspective

1.  all-or-nothing law (all-or-none) of neural firing-

2.  action vs. resting potential-

3.  imaging techniques: PET, CAT, MRI, FMRI-

4.  brain: what part do we share with animals? How do we differ?

5.  Broca's aphasia (expressive) located in left frontal lobe v. Wernicke

6.  dendrite (purpose of)

7.  somatosensory cortex: location and used for what sense?

8.  pituitary gland

9.  plasticity

10.  reticular formation: related to sleep, arousal, attention

11.  endocrine organs and hormones secreted by them

12.  endorphins

13.  engram

14.  glial cells

15.  hypothalamus

16.  Hippocampus

17.  L-dopa

18.  major neurotransmitters- Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate

19.  limbic system: structures and functions

20.  myelin sheath: where and purpose?

21.  Thalamus-

22.  Pons-

23.  Medulla-

24.  Amygdale-

25.  Corpus Callosum-

26.  Cerebellum-

27.  Hypothalamus-

28.  Hippocampus-

29.  Cerebral Cortex-

30.  Association Areas-

31.  Sensory vs. Motor Cortex-

32.  nervous system: major parts

33.  neuron: three basic parts

34.  obesity (role of hypothalamus)

35.  occipital lobe vs. temporal lobe

36.  Frontal Lobe-

37.  Prefrontal Lobe-

38.  pineal gland (function and what makes it unique?)

39.  pancreas

40.  thalamus (& what sense doesn't get routed through here?)

41.  water balance (role of hypothalamus)

42.  Wilder Penfield's research on the brain

43.  Afferent Neurons vs. Efferent Neurons

44.  thyroid gland

45.  ganglia

46.  paresis

47.  Tay-Sachs disease

48.  agonist vs. antagonist chemicals

49.  Phineas Gage-

Chapter 5and 6- sensation and Perception

1.  blind spot

2.  fovea

3.  acuity-vision

4.  absolute threshold

5.  color blindness: kinds

6.  complementary colors

7.  difference threshold (jnd)

8.  Change Blindness-

9.  feature (signal) detector cells: Hubel & Wisel's research on visual processing

10.  feature analysis

11.  galvanic skin response (GRS)

12.  gustatory sense: detects only sweet, sour, salty, bitter

13.  Gate Control Theory of Pain

14.  hue: (British term for color)

15.  inner ear - vestibular sense

16.  transduction-

17.  Cochlea-

18.  Place theory-

19.  Frequency Theory-

20.  photoreceptors

21.  one eye problem - what you couldn't do well if you had only one eye

22.  kinesthetics

23.  rods and cones (structures & differences)

24.  localization of sound (how is it done? Why are two ears needed?)

25.  opponent-process theory of visual processing (afterimages)

26.  optic disc

27.  conductive V sensorineural Hearing Loss-

28.  optic nerve

29.  Pitch

30.  self-fulfilling prophecy

31.  Nearsighted v. Farsightedness

32.  apparent motion

33.  binocular disparity

34.  figure - ground – phenomenon

35.  Perceptual Adaptation-

36.  retinal disparity (a.k.a. binocular disparity)

37.  displacement

38.  phi phenomenon

39.  Gestalt theory

40.  selective attention

41.  linear perspective

42.  monocular vs. binocular depth cues

43.  perceptual constancy (size,color,shape)

44.  perceptual set

45.  motion aftereffect

46.  motion parallax

47.  vestibular sense

48.  visual cliff

49.  Weber's law

50.  Cooper's research on visual processing (using cats)

51.  two kinds of deafness: Conductive and nerve

52.  signal detection theory

53.  Gansfeld Procedure

54.  induced motion

55.  sleeper effect

Chapter 7- consciousness

1.  REM sleep

2.  hypnosis: major theories of

3.  paradoxical sleep: why is REM called this?

4.  Alpha Vs. Delta waves

5.  Insomnia

6.  Narcolepsy

7.  Sleep Apnea

8.  Manifest v. Latent content

9.  Posthypnotic Amnesia

10.  Posthypnotic Suggestion

11.  Hidden Observer-

12.  Depressant v. Stimulant V. Hallucinogen

13.  Effects of marijuana

14.  Effects of LSD

15.  Effects of Barbiturates

Chapter 8- Learning

1.  Albert Bandura: major view on learning and Bobo Doll experiment

2.  aversive conditioning (good or bad?)

3.  behavior as being adaptive

4.  classical conditioning ( & can you distinguish it from operant conditioning)

5.  operant conditioning

6.  John Garcia's ideas on the limits of conditioning and The Garcia Efffect

7.  positive reinforcement v. Negative reinforcement

8.  CS-CR-UCS-UCR

9.  stages of learning (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, etc.)

10.  schedules of reinforcement (Continuous, Partial, Fixed-ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable-ratio, Variable –interval)

11.  modeling

12.  shaping

13.  punishment: why it may not be effective and might backfire

14.  Premack principle

15.  prosocial behavior: what is it and give an example

16.  Robert Rescorla's findings on conditioning

17.  Thorndike's Law of Effect

18.  token economy

19.  primary vs. secondary reinforcers

20.  stimulus generalization

21.  self-efficacy

22.  Mirror Neurons

23.  Law of effect

24.  Overjustification Effect

25.  Intrinsic v Extrinsic motivation

Chapter 9- Memory

1.  amnesia (anteriograde & retrograde)

2.  chunking

3.  semantic memory

4.  serial position effect

5.  Ebbinhaus' research on memory

6.  loss of information from short term memory

7.  echoic memory vs. iconic Memory-

8.  eidetic memory

9.  Elizabeth Loftus' research on eyewitness testimony

10.  episodic memory (a.k.a. flashbulb)

11.  interference (proactive vs. retroactive)

12.  long term potentiation

13.  memory: kinds ( sensory, short-term, long-term)

14.  method of loci

15.  misinformation effect

16.  next-in-line-effect

17.  tip-of-the-tongue effect

18.  primacy effect

19.  haptic memory

20.  Explicit v. Implicit Memory

21.  Proactive v. retroactive interference

22.  Automatic v. effortful processing

23.  Mood Congruent Memory

Chapter 10- Language and Thought

1.  Benjamin Worf's theory of linguistic relativism (determinism)

2.  feral children

3.  functional fixedness

4.  heuristics- (representative v. availability)

5.  mental set

6.  Framing-

7.  prototype

8.  inductive vs. deductive reasoning

9.  metacognition

10.  phonemes vs. morphemes

11.  algorithm

12.  divergent vs. convergent thinking

13.  expectancy theory (aka mental set)

14.  fundamental attribution error

15.  false consensus effect

16.  novelty preference

17.  syllogism

18.  semantics v. syntax

19.  Linguistic Determinism

20.  Confirmation Bias

21.  Babbling, One Word, Two Word

Chapter 18- Social Psych

1.  social facilitation

2.  social loafing

3.  social trap

4.  Asch's conformity study (line segments)

5.  bystander intervention: factors that influence it

6.  cognitive dissonance

7.  deindividuation

8.  ingroup and outgroup bias

9.  normative social influence

10.  norms

11.  discrimination (in learning theory and race relations)

12.  dominant responses (aided by social facilitation)

13.  foot-in-the-door phenomenon

14.  frustration-aggression hypothesis

15.  groupthink

16.  just-world phenomenon

17.  Stanley Milgram's experiement with obedience

18.  Stereotype

19.  Central Route Persuasion

20.  Peripheral route Persuasion

21.  Zimbardo's prison experiment

22.  altruism

23.  social exchange theory

24.  Zajonc's "Mere Expose Effect"

25.  tragedy of the commons

26.  Ethnocentrism

27.  Informational vs. Normative Social Influence

28.  Frustration –Aggression Principal

29.  Scapegoat Theory-

30.  Fundamental Attribution Effect-

31.  Group Polarization-

32.  Other-race Effect-

33.  Mere Exposure Effect-

34.  Passionate Vs. Companionate-

35.  Reciprocity Norm-

36.  Superordinate Goals-