Footnotes and Endnotes
Direct quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks and followed by a footnote or endnote marker; for example, Jonathan Spence claims that in the year 1600, “the empire of China was the largest and most sophisticated of all the unified realms on earth.”[1] Quotations that are longer than one sentence should be inset with single-spacing, but no quotation marks, as in the following example:
At that time the members of the assembly all saw the dragon girl in the space of an instant change into a man and carry out all the practices of a bodhisattva, immediately proceeding to the Spotless World of the south, taking a seat on a jeweled lotus, and attaining impartial and correct enlightenment. With the thirty-two features and the eighty characteristics, he expounded the wonderful Law for all living beings everywhere in the ten directions.[2]
If you cite a source that is the same as the one immediately preceding it, you can use the term “Ibid” in place of the full citation; for example, the dragon girl also said: “I presented the precious jewel and the World-Honored One accepted it—was that not quickly done?”[3] Moreover, if you quote from a source that you’ve previously cited, you need only provide the author’s last name and the title of the book (which may be abbreviated if it is long); for example, Spence suggests that the weeks following the Japanese invasion of Nanjing on December 13, 1937 represent one of the worst periods of terror and destruction in the history of modern warfare.[4] Also note that the previous sentence serves as an example of the need to footnote an author’s idea even if you do not use a direct quotation. Finally, you may use endnotes instead of footnotes by simply placing all of the notes at the end of the paper (your word-processor will do this automatically if you choose endnotes instead of footnotes).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cheng, Pei-kai, et al., editors. The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
de Bary, Wm. Theodore, et al., compilers. Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600. Second Edition. Volume 1. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
Hopkins, Thomas J. The Hindu Religious Tradition. Encino, CA: Dickenson Publishing Co., 1971.
Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. Second Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Zhuangzi. Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings. Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.
[1] Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, Second Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), p. 7.
[2] Wm. Theodore de Bary, et al., Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Second Edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 454.
[3] Ibid., p. 454.
[4] Spence, The Search for Modern China, p. 423.