Experiments
●Steps of the scientific process – Gather research, form a hypothesis, determine procedure, collect data, evaluate data, and publish results
●Dependent variable – is measured or collected as numerical data
●Independent variable – the variable controlled by a scientist
●**The more trials of an experiment that are performed, the more accurate the results will be.**
Classification
●Know the subcategories! ------>
oKingdom – largest, species – smallest
●5 kingdoms
oMonera – Unicellular organisms; prokaryotes; autotrophs and heterotrophs
oProtist – Mostly unicellular organisms; eukaryotes; mostly heterotrophs, some autotrophs
oFungi – Mostly multi-cellular; eukaryotes; heterotrophs
oPlant – Mostly multi-cellular; eukaryotes; autotrophs
oAnimal – Multi-cellular; eukaryotes; heterotrophs
●Prokaryotes – no nucleus, smaller, older, contains cytoplasm, has a cell membrane
●Eukaryotes – have a nucleus, larger, newer, contains cytoplasm, has a cell membrane
●DNA analysis – Most recent evidence for classification; has caused some organisms to be reclassified
●Dichotomous key – tool for classify and identify organisms using a series of paired statements
●Binomial nomenclature – A naming organism in which each organism is given a two-part name
oScientific name – written in Latin so that all scientists around the world can understand the name, regardless of the language they speak
oGenus species – MUST be italicized or underlined!
●Characteristics of living things – MRS GREN(movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition)
Insects
●Molting – insect sheds its skin multiple times during incomplete metamorphosis
●Butterfly - proboscis (tube-like, siphoning) mouthpart; well-adapted to eating the nectar of flowers
Microscopes
●To focus a microscope...
oStart on scanning power
oMake sure the stage is all the way up
●Parts and Functions
oEyepiece – Contains the magnifying lens you look through
oCoarse adjustment – Moves the stage up and down for focusing the image; used first when focusing
oFine adjustment – Moves the stage slightly to sharpen the focus of the image; used with the high power objective lens
oPower switch – Provides electricity in order to operate the microscope
oNosepiece – Holds the high and low power objective lenses
oObjective lenses – Magnifies the specimen on the slide
oStage – Supports the slide being viewed; should be all the way up before focusing
oDiaphragm – Regulates the amount of light let into the body tube
oLight source – Provides light necessary to view the specimen
o
Base – Supports the microscope, used to carry the microscope
Cells
●Cell – building blocks of life
●All cells contain the following: cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA
●Organelle functions
oChloroplast – Found only in plant cells, the organelle where photosynthesis occurs
oMitochondria – The ‘powerhouse’ of the cell; creates energy for the organism; found in both plant and animal cells; many would be found in the heart
●Tissues – Group of cells with similar structure and function
●Hooke – Coined the term ‘cell’
●Leeuwenhoek – Made the first microscope to see cells
●Schleiden – Discovered all plants are made of cells
●Schwann – Discovered all animals are made of cells
●Virchow – Discovered that cells come from other cells
Methods of Transport
●Diffusion – movement of particles from HIGH to LOW concentration; no energy required
○The rate of diffusion increases when the solution is heated
●Osmosis – diffusion of WATER, no energy required
●Active transport – movement of particles from LOW to HIGH concentration with the use of energy
●Types of Membranes
oPermeable – a membrane that allows ALL substances to pass through
oSemi-permeable – a membrane that allows SOME substances to pass through
oImpermeable – a membrane that allows NO substances to pass through