Final Exam - Psychology 1
Matching
____ 1. the diminishing of a conditioned response
____ 2. the tendency of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar
____ 3. the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
____ 4. a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
____ 5. a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punishment
____ 6. a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
____ 7. a stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
____ 8. a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
____ 9. an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
____ 10. the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
____ 11. Return to behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development
____ 12. Our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
____ 13. Unconscious protective methods the ego uses to avoid things that may cause anxiety
____ 14. The motivation to fulfill our potential, the psychological need that arises after self-esteem is achieved
____ 15. View that behavior is influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context
____ 16. An attitude of total acceptance toward another person
____ 17. Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
____ 18. All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”
____ 19. Defense mechanism in which people act opposite to their genuine anxiety-arousing feelings
____ 20. Transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening to a less threatening object
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 21. Sensitive, high-strung temperaments predispose people to anxiety.
____ 22. Stressful events often precede depression.
____ 23. Depression is decreasing, especially among teenagers.
____ 24. Mood disorders run in families.
____ 25. Someone who has schizophrenia has split personalities.
____ 26. People with schizophrenia that have negative symptoms exhibit inappropriate behaviors like hallucinations, and disorganized or delusional talking.
____ 27. A schizophrenic person with flat affect may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all.
____ 28. Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair or have catatonia and remain motionless for hours.
____ 29. If someone in your family has schizophrenia or depression, you are more likely to get it than someone who has no genetic predispositions.
____ 30. A person is diagnosed with major depression when he or she has symptoms of depression that last for less than a week.
____ 31. Memory storage is never automatic; it always takes effort.
____ 32. Memory aids (for example, those that use imagery and mnemonic devices for organization) are no more useful than simple rehearsal of information.
____ 33. Only a few people have any type of photographic memory.
____ 34. Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can form.
____ 35. The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory.
____ 36. Negative reinforcement is another term for punishment.
____ 37. I wrote letter A or B (depending on what test I have) next to my name on my scantron. Make sure you’ve done this and mark A on your scantron.
____ 38. Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them.
____ 39. The one-word stage of speech development is usually reached at about 1 year of age.
____ 40. In recall the person must retrieve information using effort, as in a fill-in-the blank test.
____ 41. Apes can be taught to communicate by using symbols such as American Sign Language.
____ 42. It is best to copy text from slides and textbooks verbatim (word for word as it is written), rather than put the material into your own words and create associations for new material.
____ 43. Having an IQ score at or below 100 is considered mental retardation.
Questions
____ 44. A person with dissociative identity disorder has
____ 46. If a lawyer washes his hands 100 times a day for no apparent reason and has no time left to meet with his clients, the hand washing will probably be labeled disordered because it is, among other things,
____ 48. Most psychologists and psychiatrists currently use ____________ to classify psychological disorders.
____ 49. Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings and actions that are deviant, distressful and dysfunctional are called
____ 50. Brian has become consumed with the need to clean the entire house each day. This behavior may indicate
____ 51. Studying for a test in the same room in which it will be held may result in a better grade because of
____ 52. A ________ is an anxiety disorder marked by persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.
____ 53. Flashbulb memories are so vivid because they
____ 54. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating is called
____ 55. In Freud’s view of personality structure, the “executive” system, the _____________ seeks to gratify the impulses of the ____________ in more acceptable ways.
____ 56. A disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward family and friends, formerly known as a sociopath or psychopath.
____ 57. Rochelle has lost interest in her friends and family, and in activities she used to do for fun. She has been feeling lethargic and has had a negative explanatory style for over two weeks. Rochelle may have
____ 58. Many famous writers, poets and composers including Walt Whitman, Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Wolfe, and William Faulkner had creativity surges in the manic phase of their
____ 59. The literal translation of __________ is “split mind” which refers to a split from _________.
____ 60. Schizophrenic people most often have hallucinations such as ____________________and may less often see, sense, or taste things that are not there.
____ 61. About 1 in ______ people suffer from schizophrenia.
____ 62. An alternation between an elated happy wildly optimistic state called mania and depression signals
____ 63. The average person can hold in short-term memory a list of
____ 64. In the humanistic perspective, a central feature of personality is the
____ 65. Personality tests are best at predicting
____ 66. The spotlight effect is our tendency to
____ 67. Trevor’s teacher has a policy where he drops the lowest test grade for students with perfect attendance each quarter. Dropping the test grade is called what?
____ 68. You recognize a face in a crowd, but you can’t recall how you know this person. This is an example of
____ 69. People tend to be overconfident of their reasoning because they
____ 70. The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response is called
____ 71. People who watch a lot of violence on television are more likely to be violent in part because of
____ 72. B.F. Skinner developed the operant chamber or Skinner box to study what kind of conditioning
____ 73. You ride a roller coaster and get sick afterward. Now, whenever you are near a roller coaster you feel queasy. This is an example of what kind of conditioning?
____ 74. Emotionally intelligent people are characterized by
____ 75. People do not reliably recall happenings of any sort from their first 3 years--a phenomenon called:
____ 76. Classical conditioning is useful to animals and people because it helps them
____ 77. Trait researchers today believe that the Big Five factors offer the best descriptions of personality. Know the Big 5 Factors by heart.
____ 78. Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs yielded information about
____ 79. People tend to accept responsibility for their successes and to blame circumstances or bad luck for their failures. This is an example of
____ 80. Rogers believed that we can help people reach their full potential by providing an environment of total acceptance, which he called
____ 81. A conditioned response in classical conditioning occurs
____ 82. ______________, or short-term memory, has a limited capacity of 7±2 and short duration (20 seconds).
____ 83. Maslow based his description of self-actualizing people on
____ 84. You eat fish sticks and vomit due to the flu. Now every time you see fish sticks you get queasy. What is the unconditioned stimulus?
____ 85. The older a person is when emigrating to a new country, the harder it is to learn the language. This best illustrates the importance of __a critical period _________ for learning language.
____ 86. Memories are held in storage by a web of associations called ___ Retrieval cues __ that help retrieve memory.
____ 87. The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children are known to have very high reliability. This means that
The test yields consistent results, for example on retesting
____ 88. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory argues that personality is the result of
Inner conflicts between unconscious drives and the rules of society
____ 89. Which of the following is NOT a good suggestion for improving your memory?
cramming
____ 90. Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their
Biological parents
____ 91. The last couple of times you took your dog for a walk, you first went to the closet and put your tennis shoes on and grabbed his leash. Now whenever you pull your tennis shoes out of that closet your dog wags his tail and becomes happy. What is the conditioned response?
Wagging tail and becoming happy
____ 92. Learning is defined as “a relatively permanent change in behavior due to ____experience_________.”
____ 93. In Pavlov’s experiments, dogs learned to drool in response to a tone. The tone is therefore a(n)
Conditioned stimulus
____ 94. After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned “Little Albert” to fear a white rat, the child later showed some fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. Little Albert’s fear of objects resembling the rat illustrates generalization
____ 95. Dogs can learn to respond (by salivating) to one kind of stimulus (a bell, for example) and not to another (a chime). This process is an example of
` discrimination
____ 96. Freud called the conscience, or the part of the personality that contains our sense of right and wrong is the
Super ego
____ 97. One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to the desired behavior. This process is called
shaping
____ 98. According to Carl Rogers, a therapist should be
Genuine, accepting, and empathetic towards clients
____ 99. Neo-Freudians are differ from Freud in that they
Place more emphasis on the conscious mind
____ 100. Psychologists have used a(n) ____iceberg________ image to illustrate Freud’s idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface.