Chapter 1 - Intro
Collective Past: history of a people
Individual Past: a person’s past, made up of events, memories, and artifacts that shape you
Primary Source: a first-hand account, made at the time an event occurs (ex. photos, diary entries)
Secondary Source: an interpretation of an event made from information from primary sources (ex. newspapers)
Chapter 2 - People
Lifestyle: a way of living; includes housing, food, traditions, clothing, transportation
Emigrate: to leave your home country for another
Immigrant: a person who has moved to a country that is not his/her homeland
Natural increase: the increase of a population due to a higher birth rate than death rate, and higher immigration than emigration
Pull factor: a reason why a person moves to a particular destination (ex. fish, land, jobs, fur)
Push factor: a reason why a person leaves their homeland (ex. poverty, starvation, religious persecution)
Chapter 3 – Fishery
Terms
Bank fishery: dangerous fishing that took place on the Grand Banks
Inshore fishery: fishery that took place near the coast of Nfld
Labrador fishery: fishery that took place during the summers in Labrador
Seal fishery: two branches – landman’s hunt; the offshore hunt (the front and the gulf)
Truck system: credit system between fishermen and merchants; fishermen would receive store credit for their catch
Self-sufficient: able to provide for yourself
Fish merchant: the person in the community who owned a store and provided the fishermen with credit in exchange for fish
Chapter 4 – Government
Terms
Naval governor: the governor of Newfoundland, who was the leader of the fleet (the first to arrive that season); only resided here during fishing season
Civil governor: the governor of Newfoundland after it was named a Crown Colony (an official residence for British citizens)
Representative government: type of government where appointed members have most of the control (even though there is an elected assembly)
Responsible government: has an elected assembly who has control; leader of elected party is Premier; government by the people
Disenfranchised: not having the right to vote (women and the poor)
Electoral district: an area of the province that is represented by an elected member of government
Confederation: union of provinces into one country
Chapter 6 – WWI
Terms
Conscription: mandatory military service
Suffrage: having the right to vote
No Man’s Land: the unclaimed area between two front lines
Patriotism: deep sense of pride and loyalty to your home country; being willing to make the sacrifice in war for your country
Propoganda: information (advertisements, radio) that promotes a political point of view
Triple Alliance: Britain, Canada, Russia
Triple Entente: Austria-Hungary, Germany
Trench Warfare: WWI battle took place mainly from trenches, which are 2 meter deep ditches
Casualty: injured or dead
Spanish Flu: a flu epidemic that killed millions worldwide after WWI
Victory Bonds: a government investment that people could purchase in order to fund the war
Books of Remembrance: books that list the names of individuals who died in WWI
Volunteer Aid Detachment (VAD): nurses
Newfoundland Patriotic Association (NPA): volunteer group that was involved in fundraising and recruiting
Women’s Franchise League: group that campaigned for women’s rights to vote (by writing letters, going to government, canvassing)
Women’s Patriotic Association (WPA): women at home who made medical supplies, knit socks, and visited families
Chapter 7 – Interwar Years
Commission of Government: when responsible government was taken away from Nfld and they were again controlled by Britain
Economic diversification: having an economy based on several industries (not just one, for example, fishing)
Great Depression: period from 1929-1939, where the worldwide financial markets dropped
Land-based industry: mining, forestry
Open pit mining: mining that took place at the surface, rather than deep down under the crust
Labrador Boundary Dispute: Quebec and Newfoundland debated the Labrador land; it was decided that Nfld controlled the land with rivers from Atlantic Ocean
Dole: government assistance; amount depended on family size
Sir Richard Squires: Premier of Nfld during G.D.; accused of taking money from government (veteran/widow fund)
Amulree Report: report that discussed Nfld’s poor economic and social situation; accused the gov’t of being irresponsible and incompetent; led to suspension of self-government
Chapter 1 – Questions
1. History is a study of our past – a study of the people, the events, and the lifestyle of an area.
Chapter 2 – Questions
1. a. Mi’kmaq: lived in Newfoundland; were helpful to the Europeans (acted as guides); seasonal lifestyle of hunting and fishing; still a settlement at Conne River.
b. Beothuk: lived in Newfoundland; housing – mamateek (summer/winter styles); spiritual tradition – Red Ochre (known as “Red Indians”); became extinct due to: 1. Disease; 2. Better weapons of Europeans; 3. Shied away from the Europeans (did not become friends); 4. Europeans took their hunting/fishing grounds; 5. Government was too far away to help.
c. Innu: lived in Labrador; two branches (northern – Mushuau/Naskapi; southern – Sheshatshiu/Montagnais); migratory people, who mainly hunted caribou for food and clothing. Fur trading greatly affected their lifestyle because they were unable to maintain enough food to keep from starving. Caribou herds declined and maintaining a traditional lifestyle was difficult.
d. Inuit: language – Inuktitut; umiak (boat); skin tents in summer, lived in qamartalik (sod houses) in winter; affected by Moravian Church (moved to coast with missionaries and started celebrating Christian holidays); depended on European goods.
e. Metis: children of Inuit (or Innu) wives and European husbands. They developed their own social customs, lived farther south, and hunted birds, seals, fished for salmon, cod, and gathered from the forest.
2. English: push factor – afraid of travelling across Atlantic due to attacks; pull factor – fish.
French: no real push factor; pull – farming and fishery, land
Irish: push - religious discrimination, famine, poverty; pull – jobs, fish
Scottish: push – no real push factor; pull – jobs in railway, fishery, farming
Chapter 3 – Questions
1. Three branches of the cod fishery:
1. Inshore: took place near the coast of Newfoundland. Men would go out in early morning and return during the day to drop off their catch. Women and families would all take part in curing the fish and had different roles to play.
2. Labrador: took place during the summer on the coast of Labrador; two groups – stationers (who dried/salted their fish in Labrador) and floaters (who waited until they returned to Newfoundland to dry their fish – had to keep it very salted)
3. Bank: took place on the Banks (south coast); profitable fishery that had many dangers (waves, lack of medical supplies, storms). Women had to do extra work at home and since men were away and could not hunt or cut firewood, they turned to purchasing fuel.
2. The truck system meant that the merchant in the community would give store credit in exchange for the fishermen’s catch. The culler would grade the quality of the fish. The fishermen were at the mercy of the fish market because they would receive different amounts of money depending on the supply of and demand for fish.
Chapter 4 – Questions
1. Evolution of Government:
1. Naval – the first ship captain in port would be governor for that fishing season
2. Civil governor/Crown Colony – after Britain realized that Nfld was a permanent settlement and not just a fishing colony, they instructed the Civil Governor to remain in Newfoundland.
3. Representative Government – In 1832, the government held its first election of an Assembly, one representative per electoral district. However, many people could not vote (women and the poor) and the Assembly did not have any real power- the appointed Council held the most power.
4. Responsible Government – people protested for change. They wanted the chance to govern themselves and in 1855, Newfoundland was granted responsible government. This meant that the assembly would have power to make decisions and the first premier (Phillip F. Little) was the leader.
2. Three Challenges:
1. Denominational compromise: There was conflict between religious groups in Newfoundland – it even led to a riot that killed 3 people and injured 20. The government decided to spread government and public jobs equally across all religious denominations.
2. Confederation: The Confederation debate was a question of whether or not to join Canada. Frederic Carter campaigned for Confederation, but lost to Charles Fox Bennett. Arguments for: would improve finances; would give hope; union would give strength. Arguments against: would lead to higher taxes, would lose control of resources, traitor to Britain.
3. Building of the Railway: in order to promote the use of the interior of the island, the government paid a lot to construct a railway across the island.
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Chapter 6 – Questions
1. Beaumont Hamel is a significant event for Newfoundlanders because it killed many Newfoundland men. This has a lasting impact on many families and communities. It also showed the bravery of Newfoundland men fighting during WWI.
2. The war changed the role of women because they showed their resourcefulness during the war. They were valuable because they served in the VAD as nurses and assisted at home with the WPA.
3. Men disagreed with their right to vote because they believed that they should stay at home and should not be involved in politics or concern themselves with social issues.
4. Men were eager to fight during the war for: money; adventure; patriotism.
5. Two impacts of the War:
1. Women won the right to vote
2. War cost a lot of money - $35 million
3. Spanish Flu – killed 25 to 30 million people worldwide and had a particular impact on Innu communities in Labrador (ex. Okak)
6. The NPA was the group responsible for fundraising and recruitment for the war effort. The WPA was a women’s group who knit socks/hats, made medical supplies, sent packages, and visited grieving families of soldiers who died.
Chapter 7 – Questions
1. Two Land-Based Industries:
1. Mining: affected the lives of people in Newfoundland because it turned communities into industry towns, which had modern technology (phones) and facilities. It also provided people with stable, well-paying jobs. It was also dangerous work, with men often lacking proper equipment, and poor ventilation (sometimes having deadly effects).
2. Forestry: pulp and paper mills created large communities, but other communities also benefited because they provided electricity (Bishop’s Falls, Deer Lake), was a shipping port (Botwood) or they were logging towns (Glenwood, Badger).
2. 1. Aboriginal trappers and hunters were negatively affected (no one had money to purchase furs)
2. Fishermen could not earn money with fish prices so low. They resorted to stealing, in worst cases, and many had gardens.
3. Many people had to go on “the dole” (government assistance), which paid money to families depending on their size
4. Government was in debt due to railway, and the war, so they could not borrow any more money
5. Businesses were forced to lay off many people
3. Richard Squires had been accused of stealing money from government, so this made people very upset. Government tried to save money by laying off some government workers. Government increases the taxes on imported items, which meant they were more expensive for people to buy.
4. - Damp, cold air, far underground
- “back-breaking”, hard work, shoveling
- Long hours, often did not have proper equipment
- Poor ventilation, leading to health problems and even death
5. Depression is a severe downturn that lasts several years.
6. A huge debt owed due to WWI
Fish prices and demand for fish products declined
Huge stock market crash in 1929
7. Swept away homes, boats, schools, and wharves
27 people killed
40 communities affected
Fishermen claimed the tidal wave also tore up ocean floor and led to a bad fishing season
8. After the Riot, a new prime minister was elected in 1932. From 1918-1934, Nfld had 9 prime ministers – a sign of the political instability. Due to this and Nfld’s huge debt, the British government investigated. Lord Amulree published a report that said that the situation was due to the government’s irresponsibility and incompetence. Britain decided to suspend self-government in 1933, and the legislature (of Nfld) agreed.