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Higgs Boson Production at the LHC

The Higgs mechanism is the cornerstone in the electroweak sector of the Standard Model [SM]. The fundamental particles, leptons, quarks and gauge particles, acquire the masses through the interaction with a scalar field [1,2]. To accommodate the well– established electromagnetic and weak phenomena, this mechanism requires the existence of at least one sc ...

The Constancy, Or Otherwise, of the Speed of Light

New varying speed of light (VSL) theories as alternatives to the inflationary model of the universe are discussed and evidence for a varying speed of light reviewed. Work linked with VSL but primarily concerned with deriving Planck’s black body energy distribution for a gas-like aether using Maxwell statistics is considered also. Doubly Special Relativit ...

The Photoelectric Effects

A very accessible introduction to this material is in the American Institute of Physics’s A Look Inside the Atom. In 1887 [1], soon after discovering radio waves, Heinrich Hertz observed that when ultraviolet light from the sparks of his radio wave generator fell on the negative electrode of his radio wave detector, they induced a flow of electricity in ...

The Origins of the Quantum Theory

From its beginning, the new regime was symbolized by Planck’s constant h, introduced in his famous paper of 1900. Measuring the world’s departure from smooth, continuous behavior, h proved to be a very small number, but different from zero. Wherever it appeared, strange phenomena came with it. What it really meant was of course mysterious. While the quan ...

The Birth of Modern Physics

By the end of the nineteenth century, already a large amount was known concerning the behaviour of objects subjected to forces of different kinds. But it had been a long and arduous road on the acquisition of this knowledge, with contributions from several great scientists. For example, the laws of mechanics began to really take shape with the work of Ga ...

Quantum Mechanics

These lecture notes outline a single semester course on non-relativistic quantum mechanics which is primarily intended for upper-division undergraduate physics majors. The course assumes some previous knowledge of physics and mathematics. In particular, prospective students should be reasonably familiar with Newtonian dynamics, elementary classical elect ...

Brief Review of Electromagnetics

The specific equations on which the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is based will be considered in some detail later. The goal here is to remind you of the physical significance of the equations to which you have been exposed in previous courses on electromagnetics. In some sense there are just a few simple premises which underlie all electro ...

Galileo Galilei the Father of Modern Observational Astronomy

After four years at the university, Galileo gave private lessons in mathematics and wrote his first scientific paper, about how things float on water. In 1587, he got a position teaching mathematics at the University of Pisa, which paid him a small salary. Two years later, Galileo’s father died, leaving Galileo with financial responsibilities. The next y ...

A Overview of Thermodynamics

Here an overview of thermodynamics will be presented with the intent of defining and describing it in rather broad terms. Some topics that are lightly covered here will be developed in more detail in later chapters. The intent of this chapter is to provide the context for these later explorations. Many modern-day textbook authors take statistical mechani ...

Nuclear Physics Review

It is a great honor to receive this award [1] and simultaneously bittersweet, given the recent passing of Ken Wilson [2]. It leaves with me with a great confusing mix of feelings and thoughts which I will mostly spare you. There are two thoughts I feel compelled to share: I would have liked to meet him; I feel a great sense of responsibility to continue ...

Electromagnetism Overview

Students explore one of the fundamental physical forces in nature: electromagnetism. Students first investigate the properties of magnetism: magnetic interaction, magnetic fields, polarity, attraction and repulsion of like and unlike poles, and the cumulative strength of multiple magnets. Compass needle deflections indicate to students that, like a magne ...

Astronomy in History

Astronomy is generally reckoned to be the oldest of the sciences. Most ancient civilisations practised something that we would recognise as astronomy; the first applications of mathematics to the understanding of the natural world involved astronomy; the mediaeval university syllabus included astronomy (the trivium of grammar, rhetoric and logic was foll ...

The Multiwavelength Universe

Almost everything we know about the universe comes from studying the light emitted or refl ected by objects in space. Apart from a few exceptions, such as the collection of Moon rocks returned by Apollo astronauts, astronomers must rely on collecting and analyzing the faint light from distant objects in order to study the cosmos. This fact is even more r ...

Calorimetry for Particle Physics

Calorimetry has become a well-understood, powerful, and versatile measurement method. Besides perfecting this technique to match increasingly demanding operation at high-energy particle accelerators, physicists are developing low-temperature calorimeters to extend detection down to ever lower energies, and atmospheric and deep-sea calorimeters to scrutin ...

The Historical Origins of Spacetime

The idea of spacetime investigated in this chapter, with a view toward understanding its immediate sources and development, is the one formulated and proposed by Hermann Minkowski in 1908. Until recently, the principle source used to form historical narratives of Minkowski’s discovery of spacetime has been Minkowski’s own discovery account, outlined in t ...

Laws of Motion

In the preceding Chapter, our concern was to describe the motion of a particle in space quantitatively. We saw that uniform motion needs the concept of velocity alone whereas non-uniform motion requires the concept of acceleration in addition. So far, we have not asked the question as to what governs the motion of bodies. In this chapter, we turn to this ...

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