Physics

The Origins of Medical Physics

The Origins of Medical Physics

The historical origins of medical physics are traced from the first use of weighing as a means of monitoring health by Sanctorius in the early seventeenth century to the emergence of radiology, phototherapy and electrotherapy at the end of the nineteenth century. The origins of biomechanics, due to Borelli, and of medical electricity following Musschenbr ...

Introduction to Laser Physics

The theory of mode structure was outlined in Chapter II, and a number of basic facts concerning mode structure were included in the general description of the ruby (Section 111.1) and the helium-neon laser (Section VA). Here we summarize general experience and supplement the material' already presented, with emphasis on discoveries made during the years ...

Overview of Geophysics

Overview of Geophysics

Geophysics is the application of known physical principles to the study of the Earth. Terrestrial systems, like anything else, obey physical laws, and through applications of these laws quantitative predictions about the Earth’s present physical state and future evolution can be inferred. Geophysics, as a hybrid of geology and physics, requires awareness ...

ENCYCLOPEDIA of AGROPHYSICS

Em. Prof. Jan Gliński, soil scientist, is a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was Director of the Institute of Agrophysics in Lublin from 1982 to 2003. He was one of the initiators and an active promoter of scientific cooperation between many universities and institutes in Poland and abroad, and organized many international conferences on ...

Overview of Gravitational Radiation

Overview of Gravitational Radiation

As direct detection of gravitational radiation draws nearer, it is useful to consider what such detections will teach us about the universe. The first such detection, of course, will be of immediate significance because it will be a direct confirmation of a dramatic prediction of general relativity: to paraphrase John Wheeler, that spacetime tells source ...

Life in the Cosmos

Life in the Cosmos

NASA space exploration in the 21st Century is poised to do nothing less than revolutionize how all of humanity thinks of itself, how we contemplate our place in time and space, how we live together on this planet, and how we enable our destiny beyond our planet of origin. When our descendents look back on this particular moment in time, we will be envied ...

Cosmic Strings

Cosmic Strings

Cosmic strings are similar to other one-dimensional topological defects familiar from condensed matter systems such as vortex lines in type II superconductors. The goal of this paper is to provide a brief introduction to what cosmic strings are and how they come about in the early stages of the universe highlighting similarities to defects from condensed ...

Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics

Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics

Magnetohydrodynamics denotes the study of the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids. It establishes a coupling between the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid dynamics and Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism. The main concept behind Magnetohydrodynamics is that magnetic fields can induce currents in a moving conductive fluid, which in turn create ...

Introductory Review of Cosmic Inflation

The proposal of General Relativity by Einstein in 1915 made it possible to discuss the structure of spacetime and the evolution of the universe in terms of physical laws. In 1922 Friedmann found the existence of expanding/collapsing cosmological solutions by solving the Einstein field equations. In 1929 Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe by ...

Planetary Science

Planetary Science

MSFC planetary scientists are active in research at Marshall, building on a long history of scientific support to NASA’s human exploration program planning, whether focused on the Moon, asteroids, or Mars. Research areas of expertise include planetary sample analysis, planetary interior modeling, and planetary atmosphere observations. Scientists at Marsh ...

Physical Cosmology

Cosmology is the study of the Universe on the largest scales. Up to the 1950s, cosmological data was scarce and generally so inaccurate that Herman Bondi claimed that if a theory did not agree with data, it was about equally likely the data were wrong. Hubble’s first determination of the expansion rate of the Universe (Hubble’s constant h ) was off by a ...

Introduction to Superfluidity

This course is about the theory of low-energy and high-energy, non-relativistic and relativistic, bosonic and fermionic superfluidity and superconductivity. Does that sound too much? Well, one important point of the course will be to show that these things are not as diverse as they might seem: the mechanism behind and the basic phenomenological properti ...

Semiconductors: As the Backbone of the Connected World, the Industry's Future Is Bright

Semiconductors: As the Backbone of the Connected World, the Industry's Future Is Bright

This is the 14th edition of KPMG'S annual global semiconductor industry survey, which indentified current and emerging trends and issues affecting the world's semiconductor companies and provides and index reflecting industry leader's expectations about revenue, profitability, workforce growth, spending, and other factors.

Polymer Physics

Macromolecules are literally all around us. Many molecules essential to life, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides, are macromolecules. These giant molecules are responsible for all of the most sophisticated functions in cells, such as transmitting hereditary information, catalyzing chemical reactions, building complex structures, providing me ...

BCS Theory and Superconductivity

BCS Theory and Superconductivity

Superconductivity discovered in 1911 by Onnes (9), is the quantum phenomena that certain materials exhibit under particular magnetic and temperature regimes. There existed no consistent microscopic theory that described why superconductivity arose, from the time it was discovered until the 1950’s, only macroscopic theories that allowed you to calculate c ...

Nanotechnology: the New Features

Nanotechnology: the New Features

Abstract—Nanotechnologies are attracting increasing investments from both governments and industries around the world, which offers great opportunities to explore the new emerging nanodevices, such as the Carbon Nanotube and Nanosensors. This technique exploits the specific properties which arise from structure at a scale characterized by the interplay o ...

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