Cardiovascular System: The Heart Part 2
3 circuits:
- Systemic Circulation
• From the left ventricle to the aorta and on to the body
• Back to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium
- Pulmonary Circulation
• From right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk, on to the pulmonary (left and right) arteries and to the lungs
• Back to the heart via the (left and right) pulmonary veins
- Cardiac/Coronary Circulation
• Supply needs of the heart itself
• Arteries go to the heart branching off of the aorta
• Valveless veins return to directly to the right atrium
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
Write out the path of the blood starting in the right side of the heart and eventually returning back there again.
Heart Skeleton
• Consists of plate of ______connective tissue between ______and ______
• Fibrous ______around ______to support
• Serves as ______between atria and ventricles
• Provides site for ______attachment
Conducting System of Heart
Write out the path of the electrical stimulation from start to finish.
Refractory Period
• Absolute: ______muscle cell completely ______to further stimulation
• Relative: Cell exhibits ______sensitivity to additional stimulation
• ______refractory period prevents tetanic ______
Electrocardiogram
• ______potentials through ______during cardiac cycle produces ______currents than can be measured
• Pattern
– P wave
• Atria ______
– QRS complex
• Ventricle ______
• Atria ______
– T wave:
• Ventricle ______
Cardiac Arrhythmias
• ______cardia: Heart rate in excess of ______
• ______cardia: Heart rate less than ______
• Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during ______cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration
• ______atrial contractions: Occasional ______intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people
Cardiac Cycle
• Heart is two ______that work together, right and left half
• Repetitive contraction (______) and relaxation (______) of heart chambers
• Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of ______to lower ______.
– ______of ______produces the pressure
Heart Sounds
• First heart sound or “lubb”
– ______valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves ______at beginning of ventricular ______
• Second heart sound or “dupp”
– Results from closure of ______and ______semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular ______, lasts ______
• Third heart sound (occasional)
– Caused by ______blood flow into ______and detected near end of first one-third of diastole
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
• ______blood pressure in ______
• MAP=CO x PR
– CO (cardiac output) is amount of ______pumped by ______per ______
• CO=SV x HR
– SV: Stroke ______of blood pumped during each ______
– HR: Heart rate or ______of times heart ______per minute
• Cardiac ______: Difference between CO at ______and ______CO
– PR is total ______against which blood must be ______
Factors Affecting MAP
Regulation of the Heart
• ______regulation: Results from normal functional characteristics, not on neural or hormonal regulation
• Extrinsic regulation: Involves ______and ______control
Heart Homeostasis
• Effect of blood pressure
– ______monitor blood pressure
• Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen
– ______monitor
• Effect of ______ion concentration
– Increase or decrease in extracellular K+ ______heart rate
• Effect of body ______
– Heart rate ______when body temperature increases, heart rate ______when body temperature decreases
Effects of Aging on the Heart
• Gradual changes in heart ______, minor under ______condition, more significant during ______
• ______trophy of left ventricle
• Maximum heart rate ______
• Increased tendency for ______to function ______and arrhythmias to occur
• Increased ______consumption required to pump ______amount of blood