Blood Cancer Types 7

Blood Cancer Types 7

Concordia University, Nebraska
Blood Cancers
Descriptive Epidemiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma
Class: Applied Epidemiology
Instructor: Dr. Carol Hoban
Aaron D. Sweazy
2/2/2014
Abstract: Blood Cancers come in four types of general forms, with each form having variations of strands of a more specific brand of cancerous given title if you will. The four main groups are Leukemias, Lymphomas, Myelomas, and Myelodysplastic Syndromes (LLS, 2013). In this paper I looked specifically at two forms of blood cancer in Leukemia and Lymphoma.

Leukemia:

Leukemia’s origins are mostly unidentified, though unusual amounts of radiation and certain cancer treatments are likely causes. Frequent contact to chemical benzene could cause Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Vehicle exhaust and industrialized emissions account for approximately 1/5th of the entire national benzene contact. About half of US benzene exposures effects stem from tobacco smoking or from contact around it. The run-of-the-mill smoker is exposed to about 10 times the everyday intake of benzene paralleled to those that don’t smoke.

Leukemia universally, is a disorder of cancer that is categorized by the uncontrolled buildup of blood cells. The natural history of types of Leukemia such as myeloids, myelogenous, lymphoid, lymphocytic, and lymphoblastic designates the cell varieties involved.

Morbidity:
Total Estimated Number of New Leukemia Cases in the United States for 2013
Type / Total / Male / Female
Acute Lympoblastic / 6,070 / 3,350 / 2,720
Chronic Lymphocytic / 15,680 / 9,720 / 5,960
Acute Myeloid / 14,590 / 7,820 / 6,770
Chronic Myeloid / 5,920 / 3,420 / 2,500
Other Leukemias / 6,350 / 3,570 / 2,780
Total New Cases / 48,160 / 27,880 / 20,730
Mortality:
Total Estimated Number of Leukemia Deaths in the United States for 2013
Type / Total / Male / Female
Acute Lympoblastic / 1,430 / 820 / 610
Chronic Lymphocytic / 4,580 / 2,750 / 1,830
Acute Myeloid / 10,370 / 5,930 / 44,400
Chronic Myeloid / 610 / 340 / 270
Other Leukemias / 6,730 / 3,820 / 2,910
Total New Cases / 23,720 / 13,660 / 10,060
Source: American Cancer Society 2013, Cancer Facts & Figures 2013; Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Sex (rounded to 10), US, 2013
In Leukemia as a whole, the most common host characteristics for incidence varied. Age wise, children and adolescents younger than 15 years old accounted for a majority of cases, and gender wise males accounted for 57% of new cases each year. The nativity of Leukemia can be accredited to the mass accumulation of undeveloped nonfunctional cells in the marrow and blood. When it comes to marital status and leukemia, there is no recognized increase or decrease in incidence rates for those in a monogamous relationship. The highest incidence rate of Leukemia among the races belongs to non-Hispanic Whites at 13.6 individuals with the disease per 100,000 people.
Environmental Attributes of Leukemia:
Case-control studies for acute lymphocytic leukemia showed that farming in the broad-spectrum isn’t a threatening element, even though, contact to common classes of pesticides and herbicides is linked with a higher probability ratio in farmers for frequency of the blood cancer; multiple myeloma. The odds ratios are not statistically important at the 5% level, maybe in part to somewhat trivial quantities of cases and controls exposed to every single class of pesticide (Burmeister, 2007).
Temporal Variations:
Over time the 5 year comparative survival rate between all ages and sorts of leukemia have remained in to show that they offer a steady increase from 3 year block of 1960-1963 to the 6 year span of 2003-2009 as shown by the table:

Source: Seer (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010. National Cancer Institute

Lymphomas:

Numerous blood cancers begin in the lymphatic system and are termed by the broad terminology of being titled “Lymphoma” The origin of lymphomas results after a lymphocyte (a kind of white cell) experiences a malignant transformation and reproduces out of control. Sooner or later, strong cells are forced out and malignant lymphocytes accumulate in the lymph nodes or even other sites in the body.

Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma are the 2 principal forms of Lymphomas. Hodgkin Lymphoma is distinctive from other lymphomas by the incidence of the Reed-Sternberg cell, a huge, malignant cell found in HL Lymphoma tissues.

Morbidity:
New Cases of Lymphoma by Gender, 2013
Type / Total / Male / Female
Hodgkin Lymphoma / 9,290 / 5,070 / 4,220
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma / 69,740 / 37,600 / 32,140
Total / 79,030 / 42,670 / 36,360

Source: Cancer Facts& Figures 2013 p12, Table 5. American Cancer Society; 2013

Mortality:
Estimated Deaths from Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, by Gender, 2013
Type / Total / Male / Female
Hodgkin Lymphoma / 1,180 / 660 / 520
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma / 19,020 / 10,590 / 8,430
Total / 20,200 / 11,250 / 8,950
Cancer Facts and Figures 2013 p 16, Table 9. American Cancer Society; 2013
For Lymphomas, the most common host characteristics for incidence are as follows:
Age and Gender wise, males aged 60-64 account for 52.1 per 100,000 cases annually.
The nativity of Leukemia can be accredited to the mass accumulation of undeveloped nonfunctional cells in the marrow and blood. When it comes to marital status and lymphoma, there is no recognized increase or decrease in incidence rates for those in a monogamous relationship. The highest incidence rate of Lymphoma among the races belongs to non-Hispanic Whites at 2.74 individuals with the disease per 100,000 people. Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ranks 5th for Hispanics which is about 5% of all cancer cases in the Hispanic population.
Environmental Attributes of Lymphoma:
Unknown in cases of HL, however in NHL although also unknown, immune system being suppressed plays a role in some cases with those with HIV having a higher risk of developing lymphoma. Specific ingredients in herbicides and pesticides may be linked to NHL.
Temporal Variations:
Over time the 5 year comparative survival rate between all races for lymphoma have remained in to show that they offer a steady increase in survival rate from the 1975-77 span to the 2003-2009 years.
Trends in Five-Year Relative Survival Rates by Race for Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
HL / 1975-77 / 1981-83 / 1990-92 / 2003-09
All Races / 72% / 74% / 82% / 88%
Whites / 72% / 75% / 83% / 89%
Blacks / 70% / 72% / 74% / 83%
NHL / 1975-77 / 1981-83 / 1990-92 / 2003-09
All Races / 47% / 51% / 51% / 71%
Whites / 47% / 51% / 52% / 72%
Blacks / 48% / 49% / 42% / 64%
Table 6. Source: SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) Cancer
Statistics Review, 1975-2010. National Cancer Institute; 2013.

References:

American Cancer Society; 2013 Cancer Facts& Figures 2013 p12, Table 5
American Cancer Society; 2013Cancer Facts and Figures 2013 p 16, Table 9.

American Cancer Society 2013, Cancer Facts & Figures 2013; Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Sex (rounded to 10), US, 2013

Burmeister, L. F. (1990), Cancer in Iowa farmers: Recent results. Am. J. Ind. Med., 18:295–301. doi:10.1002/ajim.4700180309

Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) (2013) Facts 2013 Booklet from the LLS; Revised August 2013

SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) and NCI (2013) Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010.