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Name ______Ch. 5-6
BIOCHEMISTRY-ESSENTIAL VOCAB
1. pH / A measure of the amount of acid or base in a substance2. Acid / A substance with a pH from 0-6.9, lower numbers are more acidic
3. Base / A substance with a pH from 7.1-14, higher numbers are more basic
4. Neutral / A substance with a pH of 7, water
5. Inorganic / Molecules that lack the combination of Carbon and Hydrogen
6. Organic / Molecules that contain both Carbon and Hydrogen
7. Reactants / Molecules at the beginning of a chemical reaction
8. Products / Molecules produced after a chemical reaction has occurred
9. Concentration Gradient / The difference in molecule numbers between two areas, high to low, low to high
10. Diffusion / The passive movement of molecules from high to low conc., no ATP
11. Passive Transport / The movement of molecules from high to low conc., no ATP
12. Permeable / The ability of molecules to move across/through a barrier
13. Selectively Permeable / The ability of only some molecules to move across/through a barrier
14. Osmosis / The movement of water molecules from high to low conc., no ATP
15. Active Transport / The movement of molecules from low to high conc., requires ATP
16. Endocytosis / The active movement of molecules into a cell, requires ATP
17. Exocytosis / The active movement of molecules out of a cell, requires ATP
18. Carbohydrates / Organic molecules used for energy, sugars/starches
19. Monosaccharide / Simplest carbohydrate, sugar, glucose
20. Disaccharide / A double carbohydrate, double sugar
21. Polysaccharide / A triple of larger carbohydrate, starch
22. Sugar / Simplest carbohydrate, glucose, C6H12O6
23. Starch / A large carbohydrate
24. Glucose / Simplest carbohydrate, C6H12O6
25. Cellulose / A large carbohydrate in plants, starch
26. Dehydration Synthesis / A chemical process where smaller molecules are joined together to make a larger product, with the removal of water
27. Hydrolysis/Digestion / A chemical process where a large molecule is separated to make smaller products, with the addition of water
28. Polymer / A molecule with repeating units
29. Monomer / A molecule made of a single unit
30. Lipid / Organic molecules used for energy storage
31. Fatty Acid / A building block of a lipid
32. Protein / Organic molecules used for chemical reactions
33. Amino Acids / The building blocks of proteins
34. Peptide Bond / The bond holding amino acids together to make a protein
35. Enzyme/Catalyst / An example of a protein used in all chemical reactions
36. Substrate / The molecule the enzyme shape fits and causes a reaction to
37. Active Site / The part of the substrate with a specific shape that fits the enzyme
38. Denaturation / A process where enzymes lose their shape and cannot function properly
39. Nucleic Acids / Organic molecules such as DNA & RNA
40. Nucleotides / The building blocks of nuclei acids
41. DNA / Nucleic acid containing heredity information for cell functions
42. RNA / Nucleic acid used to assembly amino acids and make proteins
43. Nitrogen Bases / The nitrogen molecules that pair up used to make DNA and RNA
44. ATCG/AUCG / The nitrogen bases in DNA, RNA
45. Double Helix / The double twisted ladder shape of DNA
46. ATP / A molecule of energy produced during cellular respiration
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Define acids and bases and relate their importance to biological systems.
2. Label the pH scale and identify acids, bases, neutral.
3. In a chemical equation label the reactants and the products. / Chapter 5 pH, Diffusion, and Biochemistry
What is pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a substance is
Acid vs. Base
Acids measure 0-6.9 on the pH scale (lower number more acidic)
Bases measure 7.1-14 on the pH scale (higher number more basic)
Neutral is 7 on the pH scale
Organic vs. Inorganic
Organic molecules contain both Carbon & Hydrogen
Examples:
Inorganic molecules that lack both Carbon and Hydrogen
Examples:
Writing a chemical equation
_____CO2 + H2O______C6H12O6______
Reactants (raw materials) Products
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Describe the concentration gradient regarding diffusion.
2. Identify factors affecting diffusion.
3. Explain dynamic equilibrium in terms of diffusion in a cell. / Water and its importance
Water is used to help transport materials (nutrients, wastes, gases) in cells of all organisms. Proper water regulation is necessary for homeostasis of all organisms.
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules from an area of high molecule concentration to an area of low molecule concentration.
· No ATP is required,
molecules will balance out evenly
Three factors that affect the rate of diffusion:
· Molecule Concentration
· Temperature
· Pressure
Results of diffusion – dynamic equilibrium
Molecules with eventually become evenly distributed in and outside the cell until they reach dynamic equilibrium
Diffusion in living systems – cells
Cells are constantly diffusing water, nutrients, gases, and wastes across their cell membranes.
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Explain in terms of osmosis what happens to cells when placed in distilled water.
2. Draw and label a plant cell before and after salt water had been added to it.
3. Explain the water concentration gradient in a cell that has been placed in salt water. / What is osmosis?
The passive movement of water molecules from high to low concentration.
Cells in a balanced homeostatic environment:
Molecules of water will move in and out of the cell at the same rate maintaining equilibrium.
Cells that gain water and swell (Distilled Water):
If 100% water is added to the environment around a cell it creates a high water concentration, so molecules will move into the cell and the cell will swell.
· Draw and Label a Plant cell vs. Animal cell
Cells that lose water and shrink (Salt):
If a salt solution is added to the environment around a cell it creates a low water concentration, so molecules will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink.
· Draw and Label a Plant cell vs. Animal cell
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Contrast passive and active transport.
2. Give examples of each above.
3. Why may a molecule not diffuse across a cell membrane? / What is passive transport?
The movement of molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration, no ATP used
· Diffusion & Osmosis
· What is facilitated diffusion?
Molecules move across the cell membrane with the use of transport proteins
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across a membrane from low to high concentration, ATP is used, “pumping molecules out or in”
· Endocytosis
The active movement of molecules into a cell (engulfing)
· Exocytosis
The active movement of molecules out of a cell
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Identify the chemical makeup and give examples of carbohydrates.
2. Explain the role of enzymes in reactions.
3. Using shapes draw examples of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Label the reactants and the products. / Carbohydrates: composed of, ratio of :
Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
Ratio of 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen……like water (H2O)
Function of
Cellular energy
Monosaccharides; examples
The simplest (mono=1) type of carbohydrate
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
All have chemical formula C6H12O6
Polysaccharides; examples
The largest carbohydrates
Examples: starch & cellulose
C18H32O16
What is hydrolysis/digestion?
Process that breaks apart a large
molecule into smaller molecules
with the addition of water
What is dehydration synthesis?
Process that combines smaller molecules to
make a large molecule with the removal of water
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Identify the chemical makeup and give examples of lipids.
2. What are the building blocks of proteins called?
3. Draw a table similar to the one below and label the organic molecules and their building blocks.
/ Lipids; composed of, ratio of:
Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
Greater than 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen ratio
Long chains of fatty acids and glycerol
Examples of
Fats, oils, waxes
CH3(CH2)10CO2H
Function of
Energy storage, insulation, cell membranes
Proteins; composed of:
Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen
Basic building blocks
Amino acids (20 different types, different sequence and number of amino acids form to create 1000’s of unique proteins)
Function of
Enzymes, structures in cells and tissues, carry out life functions
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Identify the chemical makeup and name the building blocks of proteins.
2. Name factors that the effect the rate of enzymes.
3. Label an enzyme reaction using substrate, products, and enzyme. / Amino acids determine shape of protein
The different numbers and sequences of amino acids determine the specific shape of the protein. This specific shape determines the protein’s function. If the shape is altered the protein may not work.
Enzymes
Types of proteins that change the rate of chemical reactions. Involved in all cell processes.
Factors effecting enzyme activity
· Temperature
· pH
Enzyme, substrate, and active site
A specific shaped enzyme will fit the shape of a substrate (the molecule it reacts with) at the enzyme’s active site.
Lock and key model
SUMMARY:
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:1. Name the two types of nucleic acids.
2. Compare and contrast RNA with DNA.
3. Give examples of complimentary base pairs in DNA and RNA. /
Nucleic Acids; composed of
Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus.
Made of nucleotides (repeating units of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases).
Example – DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A nucleic acid that stores heredity instructions for all cell functions in the nucleus of the cell. A genetic code that determines traits of an organism.
Example – RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
A nucleic acid that forms a copy of DNA for use in making amino acids to form a protein. Found in the cytoplasm and ribosomes.
Base Pairing Rule
DNA Adenine to Thymine RNA Adenine to Uracil
Cytosine to Guanine Cytosine to Guanine
SUMMARY:
Carbohydrates / Lipids / Proteins / Nucleic acidsCarbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen / Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen / Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen / Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides / Fatty acids & glycerol / Amino acids / Nucleotides
Cell energy / Stored energy
Cell membrane
Cushion / Enzymes
All cell functions
Cell & tissue structures / Heredity info.
Protein synthesis
Saccharides
Sugars, starches, glucose, cellulose / Fats, oils, waxes / Enzymes
Catalysts / DNA
RNA