Bio 11 FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET #1

BIOLOGY 11 FINAL EXAM 2015 – REVIEW SHEETS Answers

Guidelines: Be sure your binder is organized – go over your notes, diagrams, wordlists and tests from each chapter. These questions are intended to help you review each of the chapters/topics that have been covered this semester. If you can answer all questions on these review sheets you are ready for your final exam.

Unit 1 – Matter & Energy for Life

Ch.1 – Cellular Functions: Review all terms in your wordlist for multiple choice

1. What 3 statements make up the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells

All cells come from other cells

Cells are the smallest component of life.

1. Be familiar with the contributions of Schleiden & Schwann, Virchow and Robert Hooke to cell history. (mc)

Hooke – first to see and name cells

Scheleiden – all plants are made of cells

Schwann – all animals are made of cells

Virchow – all cells come from other cells

1. Know all cell parts and their functions for both the plant and animal cells.

See summary sheet completed in class

1. Be able to explain the structure of the cell membrane – the fluid mosaic model – see diagram in text pg. 48.

Composed of phospholipid molecules. Arranged so that polar heads face the internal and external fluid environment. Fatty acid tails face towards each other and away from the fluids.

1. Be able to draw a phospholipid molecule and identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends. Explain what these terms mean.

Hydrophobic – fear of waterHydrophilic – water loving

1. What is diffusion? What is osmosis?

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water

1. What is dynamic equilibrium?

Dynamic equilibrium is reached when there are as many particles moving into an area as there are moving out.

1. Explain what would happen to an animal cell or plant cellplaced in the following solutions:

a) hypotonicb) hypertonicc) isotonic

1. What is facilitated diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low with the aid or help of membrane proteins.

1. Explain passive transport and identify the three types we discussed.

Passive transport is the movement of particles across a concentration gradient without the use of cellular energy. It includes diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion.

1. Explain active transport is and identify the two types we discussed.

Active transport is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient with the use of cellular energy (ATP). Includes endocytosis and exocytosis.

1. Explain the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Both are a type of endocytosis. Pinocytosis brings liquid droplets inside of a cell while phagocytosis brings in solid chunks of food.

1. What are 2 main functions of the cell walls of plant cells?

Support and protection.

1. What is the primary cell wall made of?

Cellulose

1. What is the middle lamella?

Located between two adjacent cell walls, binds two cells together.

1. Why is it important for survival that the cell membrane is semi-permeable?

A cell must allow materials into the cell that are needed and excrete materials as well but it must also be able to keep of foreign materials that may damage the cell.

1. What is meant by metabolism?

The sum of all chemical reactions.

1. Explain the difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote.

A prokaryotic cell is a simple cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.

Chapter 2 – Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration: Review terms on the wordlist for this chapter for multiple choice

1. What is photosynthesis?

A process by which plants (producers/autotrophs) convert radiant energy into chemical energy. Occurs inside the chloroplasts.

1. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

1. What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

It is a green pigment that absorbs radiant energy.

1. Know the functions of the various structures of a chloroplast.

1. What happens during the light stage and the dark stage of photosynthesis?

Light independent stage: Convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP & NADPH

Involves photolysis; the splitting of water molecules using radiant energy

Light Dependent stage: Convert chemical energy from ATP & NADPH to long term storage form: glucose/starch

Involves carbon fixation; the conversion of carbon from a gas to a solid.

1. Explain the link between the mitochondria and the chloroplasts. See diagram on page 60

1. What is cell respiration?

•A process by which the biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life.

1. What is the chemical equation for cell respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38 P → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

1. Explain what occurs during the three steps in aerobic cell respiration.

Step One: Glycolysis – glucose is converted into two pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP produced.

Step Two: Krebs Cycle – acetyl CoA is broken down in cyclic cycle, carbon dioxide is released, 2 ATP produced

Step Three: Electron Transport Chain – electron are passed along, energy is harnessed, hydrogen ions collect in inner membrane space and flow through ATP synthase producing 34 ATP

1. What are the two types of anaerobic cellular respiration and what are their products?

Lactic acid fermemntation – produces lactic acid

Alcoholic fermentation – produces alcohol and carbon dioxide

1. How many ATP are produced along each step of cellular respiration?

*see answer to question #9

Unit 2: maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium

Chapter 6 – Digestion and NutritionReview terms on the wordlist for this chapter for multiple choice

1. Understand digestion in simpler organisms – the earthworm, hydra and the amoeba.

Intracellular for amoeba, digestion cavity for hydra and extracellular in a gastrointestinal tract for earthworm

1. Know the organ structures (and their functions) that are involved with human digestion.

1. Understand mechanical and chemical digestion and know that both can occur in the mouth and in the stomach. Chemical digestion continues in the small intestine and water re-absorption occurs in the large intestine.

1. What is gastric fluid? Where is it produced?

Digestive enzymes produced by the gastric glands in the stomach.

1. Why is the stomach lined with mucous?

To protect the lining of the stomach from the gastric juices (HCL and pepsin)

1. Know the enzymes that are required in the small intestine. What is their function, where are they produced and what macromolecules do they break down?

*see summary chart in question #2

1. What are the final products of carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion?

Carbs = glucoseproteins = amino acidsfats (lipids) = fatty acids + glycerol

1. What is an ulcer? What causes ulcers? (Hint this won the Nobel prize in 2000 for science)

Sores in the lining of the stomach from gastric juices; linked to bacteria in the stomach

1. How do the liver and the gallbladder aid chemical digestion?

*see summary chart in question #2

1. Fully explain the function of the villi in the small intestine.

The villi increase the surface area of the small intestine for the absorption of nutrients. They contain a blood vessels and lacteal for the absorption of nutrients.

Chapter 7 – Circulation and Blood Review terms on the wordlist for this chapter for multiple choice

1. What is an open circulatory system? What is a closed circulatory system?

Open system – blood bathes cells directlyClose system – blood contain in blood vessels

1. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

Pulmonary circulation is a small loop between the right hand side of the heart and the lungs. Systemic is a much longer path between the left hand side of the heart and the entire body.

1. What are blood vessels? Name three types of blood vessels found in humans.

Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

1. What structure is inside veins to prevent backflow? What condition arises when these structures break-down?

Valves are in veins, varicose veins result when they fail.

1. How does blood flow through the heart? Put these steps in order!!

• Oxygen depleted blood enters the right side of the heart through the inferior/superior vena cava.
• Blood enters the right atrium and the atrium contracts.
• The atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve opens and blood enters the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle contracts.
• The (pulmonary) semilunar valve opens and blood enters the pulmonary artery.
• The pulmonary artery carries the oxygen depleted blood to the lungs where the carbon dioxide is dropped off and oxygen is picked up.
• Oxygen rich blood now travels back to the left side of heart through the pulmonary vein.
• Blood enters the left atrium and the left atrium contracts.
• The atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve opens and blood enters the left ventricle.
• The left ventricle contracts.
• The (aortic) semilunar valve opens and the oxygen rich blood enters the aorta.
• The aorta carries the oxygenated blood to the entire body.

1. What 4 chambers are found in the human heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

1. What causes your heart to beat?

Your pacemaker; SA node and AV node

1. What are the components of blood?

Erythrocytes (RBC), leucocytes (WBC), and platelets. All componets float in the liquid portion of blood known as plasma.

1. Name the different types of blood groups. Who can donate blood to whom?

1. What is the Rhesus factor? (p. 247)

The rhesus factor commonly known as the Rh factor is another antigen found on the red blood cells. It is inherited and if you have the factor you are considered Rh positive and if you are lacking the factor you are known as Rh negative. The rhesus factor is attached as a positive or negative to your blood type. For example if you are type A you will either be A negative or A positive.

1. Define antigen and antibody.

Antigens are substances normally composed of proteins that stimulate an antibody response or the production of antibodies. Antibodies are special proteins that are produced in response to the antigens.

1. What actually makes the Lubb-dubb lubb-dubb sound of your heart? – explain this process (diastole and systole)

The sound is made by your heart valves opening and closing. Systole is when the ventricles are contracting and diastole is when they are relaxing and filling with blood.

1. What is normal blood pressure?

120/80

1. What causes hypertension or arrhythmia? OMIT

Chapter 8 – Respiratory System Review terms on the wordlist for this chapter for multiple choice

1. What is the difference between you pharynx and your larynx?

Your pharynx is your throat and your larynx is your voicebox

1. Where does the exchange of gasses occur between the respiratory system and the circulatory system? What gases are exchanged?

It occurs in the lungs between the capillaries and the alveoli. Oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is absorbed into the alveoli.

1. What is respiration?

Respiration includes all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment. It includes the following four steps:

Breathing: process by which air enters and leaves the lungs.

External respiration: involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and the blood.

Internal respiration: involves the exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue fluids.

Cellular respiration: involves the production of ATP in body cells.

1. What is the function of the epiglottis?

The epiglottis is a flap that covers over the opening to the trachea (glottis) during swallowing. It prevents any food or liquids from entering the trachea.

1. List the pathway that air travels through the respiratory system beginning with the nasal cavity.

Nasal cavity – pharynx – trachea – larynx – bronchi – bronchioles - alveoli

Unit 2: Biodiversity

Chapter 9 – Taxonomy & the World of Microorganisms & Viruses

Review terms on the wordlist for this chapter for multiple choice

1. What is binomial nomenclature and who developed it?

Two part naming system. Created by Linnaeus.

1. What is meant by homologous structures? Give an example.

Homologous structures are similar structures between organisms; the common bones of the forelimb

1. What are vestigial structures? Give an example.

Structures that no longer have a function; appendix

1. Using a table, read and find what the biological name is for a common named organism, examine which two organisms are the most closely related, and see which are the least likely related, determine the common name for an organism if given the scientific name, and compare which organisms share the same taxa.

*See taxonomic chart sheet completed in class

1. Name in order the 7 taxa used to classify organisms.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

1. Be able to use a dichotomous key to identify organisms. This was like the whale key that we used in class on page 333 or the shark key.

1. To which kingdom would the following belong?
2. A mystery organism is single celled and prokaryotic: Eubacteria or Archeabacteria
3. A mystery organism is multi celled, eukaryotic and autotrophic. Plantae

1. What is a bacteriophage?

A virus that infects bacteria cells.

1. Using either your diagram review sheet or your text diagram pg.337 – name and describe the 4 stages of viral replication. Know how both the lytic and lysogenic cycle function.

Attachment & Entry, Synthesis, Assembly, Lysis & release

1. Why could the lysogenic cycle be compared to a timebomb?

During this cycle the virus remains dormant while still being copied during each cell division until something triggers it and it begins the lytic cycle.

1. Why aren’t viruses classified in any kingdom?

Viruses are not living things; only living things are classified.

1. What are the main characteristics of the ArcheabacteriaKingdom? What are the three major groups in this kingdom?

The three main groups of archaebacteria are methanogens, extreme thermophiles, and extreme halophiles. The methanogens are bacteria that produce methane gas. The thermophiles live in environments with extremely hot temperatures (up to 110°C). The halophiles live in environments that have a high salt content.

1. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. What is this?

Binary fission is asexual reproduction in bacteria. The single strand of bacterial DNA replicates (copies) and the result is a copy for each new cell. After the replication a cross wall begins to form and divides the bacterium into two separate bacteria. They may separate or remain attached.