BI 112 VITAL VOCAB #1

Know these terms:

The Structure of the Genetic Material

DNA HISTORY – know terms and this stuff

  1. DNA, not protein, is the genetic factor
  2. Base pairing Rules: A = T, C = G
  3. Watson and Crick: model of DNA as a double helix

DNA STRUCTURE

  1. Nucleic Acid
  2. Nucleotides
  3. Double Helix
  4. Deoxyribose sugar
  5. Phosphate
  6. Nitrogenous bases:
  7. Adenine (A)
  8. Thymine (T)
  9. Cytosine (C)
  10. Guanine (G)
  11. Sugar-phosphate backbone
  12. Know where the covalent and hydrogen bonds are!
  13. DNA packaging
  14. Histone proteins
  15. Chromosome
  16. DNA Replication
  17. Semi-conservative
  18. Helicase
  19. DNA polymerase
  20. Ligase
  21. Prokaryotic DNA replication
  22. Usually 1 Circular DNA
  23. One origin of replication
  24. Eukaryotic DNA replication
  25. Linear DNA packaged in many chromosomes
  26. Many origins of replication

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  1. DNA  RNA  Protein (also is the flow of information in a cell)
  2. RNA
  3. Nucleic Acid
  4. Nucleotides
  5. Single stranded
  6. Ribose sugar
  7. Phosphate
  8. Nitrogenous bases:
  9. Adenine
  10. Uracil (use U instead of T)
  11. Cytosine
  12. Guanine
  13. Sugar-phosphate backbone
  14. Transcription
  15. Gene
  16. mRNA
  17. Initiation
  18. RNA polymerase
  19. Promoter
  20. Coding region
  21. Termination
  22. Terminator (termination region)
  23. mRNA processing
  24. intron (what organisms have them?)
  25. exon
  26. Translation
  27. Ribosome
  28. Codon
  29. Be able to use the table of codons if I provide it!
  30. mRNA
  31. tRNA
  32. rRNA (ribosome)
  33. anti-codon
  34. Start codon
  35. Polypeptide
  36. Stop codons

MUTATIONS

  1. Single base substitution
  2. Silent
  3. Realize that there are other mutations that we did not cover but not their names
  4. Be able to take a sequence of DNA, transcribe it to mRNA, then translate it to find the amino acid sequence.

Gene Regulation

GENETIC POTENTIAL

  1. Differentiated cell
  2. Specialized cell
  3. Stem cells
  4. Genome
  5. Non-coding DNA

GENE CONTROL

  1. Packaging
  2. Histone / Chromosome
  3. there are many levels of packaging the DNA into a fully condensed chromosome
  4. chromosome vs chromatin
  5. Transcription
  6. Lac Operon (bacteria)
  7. Operon
  8. What happens when lactose is present?
  9. What happens when lactose is not present?
  10. Trp Operon (bacteria)
  11. What happens when tryptophan is present?
  12. What happens when tryptophan is not present?
  13. Eukaryotic gene expression
  14. It is more complicated
  15. there is much more regulation of gene expression
  16. mRNA maturation
  17. mRNA splicing (cut out the introns)
  18. left only with the exons, what codes for the protein
  19. Translation
  20. Protein Regulation
  21. not only may the gene expression be regulated, but the protein may be as well, enzymes can be activated or inactivated
  22. Protein Degradation

Reproduction and Inheritance

CELL DIVISION INTRODUCTION

  1. Asexual Reproduction
  2. cloning
  3. parthenogenesis
  4. Vegetative propagation (grafting or cloning plants)
  5. Mitosis for single celled organisms
  6. Sexual Reproduction
  7. Meiosis
  8. Chromosome
  9. Centromere
  10. Sister chromatids
  11. Homologous pair
  12. Locus
  13. Allele
  14. Diploid (2n)
  15. Haploid (1n)
  16. Karyotype (a person’s chromosomes)

CHAPTER 9 – Patterns of Inheritance

VARIATION IN GAMETES

  1. If there are N chromosomes, how many possible gametes can be created?
  2. Sources of genetic variation (again!)
  3. Haploid gamete
  4. Fertilization
  5. Diploid zygote
  6. Homologous chromosome
  7. Allele
  8. locus

MENDELIAN GENETICS

  1. P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation
  2. Law of segregation
  3. Monohybrid cross
  4. allele
  5. Dominant
  6. Recessive
  7. Homozygous
  8. Heterozygous
  9. Phenotype
  10. Genotype
  11. Law of independent assortment
  12. Dihybrid cross
  13. Punnett Square – be able to solve the following kinds of problems!
  14. Monohybrid cross
  15. Dominant / recessive
  16. Sex-linked
  17. Incomplete dominance
  18. Codominance
  19. Blood type
  20. Dihybrid gross
  21. Dominant / recessive
  22. Test Cross
  23. Gene linkage
  24. Pleiotropy
  25. Polygenic trait
  26. Epistasis
  27. Environmental effect
  28. Pedigree (know symbols for a male / female; know how to read)

The following Vocabulary Words you should know but they will not be on Midterm 2 as they were on Midterm 1

MITOSIS

  1. When?
  2. Why?
  3. Centrosome
  4. Spindle fiber
  5. Somatic cell
  6. Interphase
  7. G1 - growth
  8. S – DNA replication
  9. G2 – growth
  10. Phases of Mitosis
  11. Prophase
  12. Metaphase
  13. Anaphase
  14. Telophase
  15. Cytokinesis (not a phase)
  16. What happens in animal cells?
  17. What is the difference(s) in plant cells?
  1. Be able to summarize the events in each phase and recognize the phase in a picture of a cell

MEIOSIS

  1. When?
  2. Why?
  3. Gamete
  4. zygote
  5. Interphase
  6. Phases of Meiosis I
  7. Prophase I
  8. Crossing-over
  9. Parental chromosome
  10. Recombinant chromosome
  11. Metaphase I
  12. Independent Assortment of homologous pairs
  13. Anaphase I
  14. Telophase I / followed by Cytokinesis
  15. Phases of Meiosis II
  16. Prophase II
  17. NO Crossing-over
  18. Metaphase II
  19. Independent Assortment of sister chromatids
  20. Anaphase II
  21. Telophase II / followed by Cytokinesis
  22. Know the two ways meiosis can introduce genetic variation!
  23. Non-disjunction (meiotic mistakes)
  24. Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome
  25. Monosomy
  26. Chromosomal Defects
  27. Deletion
  28. Duplication
  29. Inversion
  30. Reciprocal translocation

BE ABLE TO COMPARE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

  1. Starts with what type of cell? (haploid / diploid)
  2. Produces what type of cell?
  3. Replicates DNA how many times?
  4. # of cell divisions
  5. Pairing of homologous chromosomes?
  6. When do centromeres separate?
  7. Daughter DNA?
  8. Daughter cells haploid or diploid?
  9. # of daughter cells?
  10. Crossing over?