AU-7085
B.A.LLB& B.COM. LLB (SIXTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION, 2015
ECONOMICS-III (LAW, POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT)
MODEL ANSWER
Section – A
1. Attempt all questions:
i) What is Lok Adalats?
Section 2(d) of Legal Services Authority Act 1987 defines, as Lok Adalat means a lok adalat organised under Chapter VI of Legal Services Authority Act 1987. It is an
Act to constitute legal services authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities, and to organise Lok Adalats to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity.
ii) Give the meaning of poverty line.
In India, the minimum calories intake of a person has been put at 2400 in Rural area & 2100 in Urban areas.
To convert this calorie intake based poverty line into a monetary measure of poverty, the cost of minimum consumption requirements of food providing the minimum calories is calculated at prevailing price.
The poverty line was originally fixed in terms of income/food requirements in 1978. It was stipulated that the calorie standard for a typical individual in rural areas was 2400 calorie and was 2100 calorie in urban areas.
iii) Mention the different types of unemployment.
Seasonal,cyclical, disguised, chronical
iv) What are the two constitutional articles mentioned for the Right to Education.
Articles 21-A, 45
v) Give two reasons for the presence of Child Labour in India.
Poverty, illiteracy (lack of awareness)
vi) What are the constitutional provisions to protect the forest resources.
48 A, 51-A(g).
vii) What is the meaning of NALSA.
It is an authority, constituted at national level, known as National Authority for Legal Services and Aid under legal services authority Act 1987. It provides free legal aid to poor people.
viii) What do you understand by the term development in the Indian context.
India is a developing country. It is facing so many problems with regard to economy, social set ups and infrastructures. All these sectors have tobe developed in the best of the people.
ix) What is meant by relative poverty.
Relative Poverty refers to the income or asset position of one class or group of people in comparison with the other classes or groups, or of one individual vis-à-vis the others.
x) What do you mean by vulnerable groups.
SC,ST, OBC, women, Children.
xi) Mention the duration of the 8th Five Year Plan.
1st April 1992 to 31st March 1997.
xii) What is Civil Right.
Civil Rights are those rights which have been conferred by a nation to the citizens. It includes general rights to the people like right to equality, vote, freedom of speech of expression, right to life, right against exploitation, social, educational, cultural rights etc.
xiii) What are the target growth rate and achievement % of the First Five Year plan.
2.1, 3.6
xiv) Mention two objectives of the Eleventh Five Year Plan.
To create employment opportunities.
To enhance skill development.
xv) Mention the constitutional provisions for Human Rights.
Articles 14,15,21,19,20,22,23,24 etc.
Section- B Short Answer Type Questions:
2. Describe the Public Interest Litigation.
It is the right available to the citizens of India. Any person can file PIL. It does not entertain any individual or provate rights. File can be put up on the matters like bonded labour, neglected children, riots victims, pension, harrassment,forest protection, backward class Kidnapin, murder, service matters etc.
3. What are the different schemes of generating employment opportunities.
Government sponsored programmes, Ngos sponsored activities, self business, Mnarega,etc.
4. Explain the rights to Forest dwellers.
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal agency for implementing the provisions of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. The Act seeks to recognize and vest the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could not be recorded. The Act was notified for operation with effect from 31.12.2007. The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Rules,2008 for implementing the provisions of the Act were notified on 1.1.2008. As per the provisions of the Act and the Rules framed thereunder, the onus of implementation of the Act lies at the level of the State/UT Governments. The Act seeks to recognize and vest certain forest rights in the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers. The Ministry, to ensure that the intended benefits of this welfare legislation flow to the eligible forest dwellers, has also issued comprehensive guidelines to the State/UT Governments on 12.7.2012 for better implementation of the Act. Further, to strengthen the Forest Right Rules, 2008, the Ministry has also notified the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Amendment Rules, 2012 on 6.9.2012.
5. Briefly explain the 12th Five Year Plan.
The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the Government of India has decided for the growth rate at 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 Dec 2012 approved 8% growth rate for 12th five-year plan.
With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi.
"It is not possible to think of an average of 9% (in 12th Plan). I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible,” Mr Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%.
“When I say feasible... that will require major effort. If you don’t do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012-13) is 6.5 to 7 percent.”
He also indicated that soon he would share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country’s NDC for its approval.
The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Mr Ahluwalia said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period. Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the Tendulkar poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5%points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993-95 to 2004-05.
6. What do you understand by Human Rights.
Human rights are those rights given naturally to the human beings to live in this world. Articles 1,15,16,17,19,21,21A etc. will clear the meaning of human rights.
7. Describe to role of Institutions of Legal Education in Legal aid services.
Legal Institutes like NALSA, SALSA, are imparting the legal ais services to produce better service givers. The role of these institutes is very vital in terms of making India shine.
8. Discuss the Regional Disparity in India.
Regional disparity means region-wise disparity in terms of economic, social, infrastructural, political, industrial basis.It is taking place in India. People are suffering from this. The government has to think positively giving all regions equal importance.
9. Mention the causes of underdeveloment in Indian Economy.
Corruption is the main cause of underdevelopment in Indian Economy. Inadequate economic resources. Negative Mentality of the people. Corrupt system of education. Commission system etc.
Section – C Long Answer type questions
10. Explain the objectives and achievements of 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th and 9th five Year Plan.
Introduction: The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after the Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries).
Third Plan (1961–1966)
The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.
Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.
State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.[6]
Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966-67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation.
Fourth Plan (1969–1974)
At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development. India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test in 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.[6]
Sixth Plan (1980–1985)
The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation. Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian socialism.
Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation. In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force[citation needed]. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate.
The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.4%.[6] The only Five-Year Plan which was done twice.[clarification needed]
Seventh Plan (1985–1990)
The Seventh Five-Year Plan marked the comeback of the Congress Party to power. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.
The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment.
As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.
Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.
Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.
The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.
Ninth Plan (1997-2002)
The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfil targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy.
Budget
The Ninth Five-Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₨ 8,59,200 crores. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expenditure and 33% in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. In the total outlay, the share of the centre was approximately 57% while it was 43% for the states and the union territories.