Appendices
The appendices were divided in four sections. Appendix A is a description of the search protocol and a list of the 339 papers included in the study. The second appendix presents the relative increase in publications on reforestation and livelihoods. The following appendix displays the list of all journals included in the study is presented. Appendix D shows the relative importance of the topic in the main journal publications and the collaboration of the main journals to the literature.
Appendix A. Systematic Map Protocol and list of included articles
What evidence exists to link livelihoods with smallholderreforestation in the tropics?
Topic: Small-scale rainforest reforestation in tropical countries with livelihood components
Definitions:
-Smallholder: regardless the size of the intervention site. The categorisation as a smallholder depends on the profile of the landholder. Smallholders refers to landholders with multiple intentions, in opposite to a more commercial landholder with profit maximisation intentions.
-Reforestation: comprising all intentional forms of reestablishment of forest cover and establishment of forest cover in land previously not forested. Includesagroforestry (including homegardens), monocultures, assisted regeneration and passive restoration, managed tree fallows, enrichment plantings. Excludes natural forest management, mangrove restoration and traditional fallow.
If a study comprised both reforestation of tropical forest and mangrove reforestation, it isincluded but the mangrove reforestation isnot discussed.
-Tropics: interventions taking place in areas with tropical climate(climates A under the Koppen classification)
-Rainforest: tropical forests excluding dry forests, but including transition between tropical rainforest and savanna
Population, intervention, comparators and outcomes (PICO)
Population: Smallholders in the tropics
Intervention: Reforestation with livelihood components efforts
Comparators: Temporal, spatial, forms of reforestation and how livelihood strategies are being addressed in reforestation.
Outcomes: Trends on how livelihood strategies is being addressed in reforestation in the tropics
Search strategy: Due to time limitations, the main search comprised a singledatabase (Web of Science) search. A complementary search was undertaken to ensure the comprehensiveness of the study. Besides that, articles were included based on experts’ advice.
Main search - Database: Web of Science
Terms:
a) Reforestation: reforestation, afforestation, forest rehabilitation, forest restoration, agroforestry, woodlots, tree farm, ecological restoration
b) Livelihoods: smallholder, landholder, dweller, farmer, household, community,landowner, livelihood
c) Tropics: tropic, rainforest
Search strings -Web of Science - TOPIC:(("farmer*" OR "dweller*" OR "landowner*" OR "smallholder*" OR "landholder*" OR "household*" OR "communit*" OR "livelihood*") AND ("reforest*" OR "forest restoration" OR "forest rehab*" OR "ecological restoration" OR "afforest*" OR "tree farm*" OR "agroforestry" OR "woodlot*" OR "tree plant*" OR "forestry plantation") AND ("tropic*" OR "humid forest*" OR "rainforest*"))
Timespan: 1950-2015
Search date: 24/06/2015
Number ofhits: 1389
Articles searched: 1250
Languages: English, Portuguese, French and Spanish: 1244
Inclusion criteria:All papers from most of the reforestation studies have potential livelihood impacts were included, provided they were was clearly related to livelihood impacts.
Articles wereexcluded articles if theywere:
-not in the topic and were not relevant for the study
-not in the tropics, or were in the dry tropics
-review or meta-analysis
Complementary search
To ensure a comprehensive search, scanned the references list of documents retrieved from the main search and included relevant documents were scanned. The complementary searchstarted by searching for relevant references fromthe papers published in 2016. We than scanned the articles from 2015, 2014 and so on, until scanning the publications of 2002 from which no new inclusions were made.
Figure A.1. Publications included per year of the publication that cited the document
Experts’ advice
Sixteen articles were included based on experts’ advice.
List of the 339 articles included in the systematic mapping study:
ABDOELLAH, O. S., HADIKUSUMAH, H. Y., TAKEUCHI, K., et al. 2006. Commercialization of homegardens in an Indonesian village: vegetation composition and functional changes. Agroforestry Systems, 68, 1-13.
ADESINA, A. A. & CHIANU, J. 2002. Determinants of farmers' adoption and adaptation of alley farming technology in Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 55, 99-112.
ADESINA, A. A., MBILA, D., NKAMLEU, G. B. & ENDAMANA, D. 2000. Econometric analysis of the determinants of adoption of alley farming by farmers in the forest zone of southwest Cameroon. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 80, 255-265.
AGUILAR-STØEN, M., MOE, S. R. & CAMARGO-RICALDE, S. L. 2009. Home gardens sustain crop diversity and improve farm resilience in Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico. Human Ecology, 37, 55-77.
AHMED, M. F. U. & RAHMAN, S. M. L. 2004. Profile and use of multi-species tree crops in the homesteads of Gazipur District, central Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 24, 81-93.
ALAVALAPATI, J. R. R., LUCKERT, M. K. & GILL, D. S. 1995. Adoption of agroforestry practices: a case study from Andhra Pradesh, India. Agroforestry Systems, 32, 1-14.
ALAYÓN-GAMBOA, J. A. & GURRI-GARCÍA, F. D. 2008. Home garden production and energetic sustainability in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Human Ecology, 36, 395-407.
ALBERTIN, A. & NAIR, P. K. R. 2004. Farmers' perspectives on the role of shade trees in coffee production systems: an assessment from the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. Human Ecology, 32, 443-463.
ALEGRE, J. C., RAO, M. R., AREVALO, L. A., GUZMAN, W. & FAMINOW, M. D. 2005. Planted tree fallows for improving land productivity in the humid tropics of Peru. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 110, 104-117.
ALI, A. M. S. 2005. Homegardens in smallholder farming systems: Examples from Bangladesh. Human Ecology, 33, 245-270.
ANGLAAERE, L. C. N., COBBINA, J., SINCLAIR, F. L. & MCDONALD, M. A. 2011. The effect of land use systems on tree diversity: farmer preference and species composition of cocoa-based agroecosystems in Ghana. Agroforestry Systems, 81, 249-265.
ANTLE, J. M., STOORVOGEL, J. J. & VALDIVIA, R. O. 2007. Assessing the economic impacts of agricultural carbon sequestration: Terraces and agroforestry in the Peruvian Andes. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 122, 435-445.
ASAAH, E. K., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., LEAKEY, R. R. B., et al. 2011. Trees, agroforestry and multifunctional agriculture in Cameroon. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 9, 110-119.
ASFAW, Z. & ÅGREN, G. I. 2007. Farmers’ local knowledge and topsoil properties of agroforestry practices in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems, 71, 35-48.
AUMEERUDDY, Y. & SANSONNENS, B. 1994. Shifting from simple to complex agroforestry systems: an example for buffer zone management from Kerinci (Sumatra, Indonesia). Agroforestry Systems, 28, 113-141.
AYUK, E. T., DUGUMA, B., FRANZEL, S., et al. 1999. Uses, management, and economic potential of Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) in the Humid Lowlands of Cameroon. Economic Botany, 53, 292-301.
AYUK, E. T., DUGUMA, B., FRANZEL, S., et al. 1999. Uses, management and economic potential of Garcia kola and Ricinodendron heudeloth in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 11, 746-761.
AYUK, E. T., DUGUMA, B., FRANZEL, S., et al. 1999. Uses, management and economic potential of Irvingia gabonensis in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Forest Ecology and Management, 113, 1-9.
BAMIRE, A. S. & MANYONG, V. M. 2003. Profitability of intensification technologies among smallholder maize farmers in the forest-savanna transition zone of Nigeria. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 100, 111-118.
BANDEIRA, F., TOLEDO, V. & LÓPEZ-BLANCO, J. 2002. Tzotzil Maya ethnoecology: landscape perception and management as a basis for coffee agroforest design. Journal of Ethnobiology, 22, 247-272.
BANNISTER, M. E. & JOSIAH, S. J. 1993. AGROFORESTRY TRAINING AND EXTENSION - THE EXPERIENCE FROM HAITI. Agroforestry Systems, 23, 239-251.
BARBIER, E. B. & TESFAW, A. T. 2013. Tenure Constraints and Carbon Forestry in Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95, 964-975.
BASAMBA, T. A., BARRIOS, E., SINGH, B. R. & RAO, I. M. 2007. Impact of planted fallows and a crop rotation on nitrogen mineralization and phosphorus and organic matter fractions on a Colombian volcanic-ash soil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 77, 127-141.
BAYNES, J. & HERBOHN, J. 2011. Self-directed learners or not? Delivering agroforestry technology to farmers in the Philippines. Open Journal of Forestry, 1, 1.
BAYNES, J., HERBOHN, J., GREGORIO, N. & FERNANDEZ, J. 2015. How useful are small stands of low quality timber? Small-scale Forestry, 14, 193-204.
BAYNES, J., HERBOHN, J. & RUSSELL, I. 2009. Bringing agroforestry technology to farmers in Leyte, the Philippines: A comparison of two extension assistance regimes. Small-scale Forestry, 8, 381-398.
BAYNES, J., HERBOHN, J., RUSSELL, I. & SMITH, C. 2011. Bringing agroforestry technology to farmers in the Philippines: identifying constraints to the success of extension activities using systems modelling. Small-scale Forestry, 10, 357-376.
BEAUCAGE, P. 1997. Integrating innovation: The traditional Nahua coffee-orchard (Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico). Journal of Ethnobiology, 17, 45-67.
BENSEL, T. 2008. FUELWOOD, DEFORESTATION, AND LAND DEGRADATION: 10 YEARS OF EVIDENCE FROM CEBU PROVINCE, THE PHILIPPINES. Land Degradation & Development, 19, 587-605.
BERGET, C., DURAN, E. & BRAY, D. B. 2015. Participatory Restoration of Degraded Agricultural Areas Invaded by Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and Conservation in the Chinantla Region, Oaxaca, Mexico. Human Ecology, 43, 547-558.
BERTOMEU, M. 2006. Financial evaluation of smallholder timber-based agroforestry systems in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, the Philippines. Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, 5, 57-81.
BERTOMEU, M., ROSHETKO, J. M. & RAHAYU, S. 2011. Optimum pruning intensity for reducing crop suppression in a Gmelina–maize smallholder agroforestry system in Claveria, Philippines. Agroforestry systems, 83, 167-180.
BHAGWAT, S. A., NOGUE, S. & WILLIS, K. J. 2014. Cultural drivers of reforestation in tropical forest groves of the Western Ghats of India. Forest Ecology and Management, 329, 393-400.
BISSELEUA, D. H. B., MISSOUP, A. D. & VIDAL, S. 2009. Biodiversity Conservation, Ecosystem Functioning, and Economic Incentives under Cocoa Agroforestry Intensification. Conservation Biology, 23, 1176-1184.
BISSELEUA, H. B. D., FOTIO, D., YEDE, et al. 2013. Shade Tree Diversity, Cocoa Pest Damage, Yield Compensating Inputs and Farmers' Net Returns in West Africa. Plos One, 8.
BLAY, D., APPIAH, M., DAMNYAG, L., et al. 2008. Involving local farmers in rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests: some lessons from Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10, 503-518.
BLINN, C. E., BROWDER, J. O., PEDLOWSKI, M. A. & WYNNE, R. H. 2013. Rebuilding the Brazilian rainforest: Agroforestry strategies for secondary forest succession. Applied Geography, 43, 171-181.
BOISSIERE, M., SHEIL, D., BASUKI, I., et al. 2009. Can engaging local people's interests reduce forest degradation in Central Vietnam? Biodiversity and Conservation, 18, 2743-2757.
BRAVO-MONROY, L., TZANOPOULOS, J. & POTTS, S. G. 2015. Ecological and social drivers of coffee pollination in Santander, Colombia. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 211, 145-154.
BRIGGS, L. & TWOMLOW, S. 2002. Organic material flows within a smallholder highland farming system of South West Uganda. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 89, 191-212.
BROWDER, J. O., MATRICARDI, E. A. T. & ABDALA, W. S. 1996. Is sustainable tropical timber production financially viable? A comparative analysis of mahogany silviculture among small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Economics, 16, 147-159.
BROWDER, J. O. & PEDLOWSKI, M. A. 2000. Agroforestry performance on small farms in Amazonia: Findings from the Rondonia agroforestry pilot project. Agroforestry Systems, 49, 63-83.
BROWDER, J. O., WYNNE, R. H. & PEDLOWSKI, M. A. 2005. Agroforestry diffusion and secondary forest regeneration in the Brazilian Amazon: further findings from the Rondonia Agroforestry Pilot Project (1992-2002). Agroforestry Systems, 65, 99-111.
BUCAGU, C., VANLAUWE, B., VAN WIJK, M. T. & GILLER, K. E. 2013. Assessing farmers’ interest in agroforestry in two contrasting agro-ecological zones of Rwanda. Agroforestry Systems, 87, 141-158.
BULLOCK, R., MITHOEFER, D. & VIHEMAEKI, H. 2014. Sustainable agricultural intensification: the role of cardamom agroforestry in the East Usambaras, Tanzania. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 12, 109-129.
BUYINZA, M., BANANA, A. Y., NABANOGA, G. & NTAKIMYE, A. 2008. Socio-economic determinants of farmers' adoption of rotational woodlot technology in Kigorobya sub-county, Hoima District, Uganda. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension, 37, 1-16.
CARDOSO, I. M., GUIJT, I., FRANCO, F. S., et al. 2001. Continual learning for agroforestry system design: university, NGO and farmer partnership in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Agricultural Systems, 69, 235-257.
CARSAN, S., STROEBEL, A., DAWSON, I., et al. 2013. Implications of shifts in coffee production on tree species richness, composition and structure on small farms around Mount Kenya. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 2919-2936.
CASTILLO CAPITAN, G., AVILA-BELLO, C. H., LOPEZ-MATA, L. & DE LEON GONZALEZ, F. 2014. STRUCTURE AND TREE DIVERSITY IN TRADITIONAL POPOLUCA COFFEE AGROECOSYSTEMS IN THE LOS TUXTLAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE, MEXICO. Interciencia, 39, 608-619.
CASTRO, L. M., CALVAS, B., HILDEBRANDT, P. & KNOKE, T. 2013. Avoiding the loss of shade coffee plantations: how to derive conservation payments for risk-averse land-users. Agroforestry Systems, 87, 331-347.
CERDA, R., DEHEUVELS, O., CALVACHE, D., et al. 2014. Contribution of cocoa agroforestry systems to family income and domestic consumption: looking toward intensification. Agroforestry Systems, 88, 957-981.
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