ORIGINAL SCHOLARSHIP ONLY! SHARING OF RESPONSES IS UNACCEPTABLE
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 29 – Study Guide
Challenging the Postwar Order
(ca 1960-1991)
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The sole and basic source of our strength is the solidarity of workers, peasants and the intelligentsia, the solidarity of the nation, the solidarity of people who seek to live in dignity, truth, and in harmony with their conscience.
-Lech Walesa
CHAPTER SUMMARY
As Europe entered the 1960’s, the political and social systems forged in the postwar era appeared sound. Centrist politicians in western Europe agreed that managed economic expansion, abundant jobs, and state-sponsored welfare benefits would continue to improve living standards and create social consensus. In the Soviet Union and the East Bloc, although conditions varied by country, modest economic growth and limited reforms amid continued political repression likewise contributed to a sense of stability. Cold War tensions diminished, and it seemed that a remarkable age of affluence would ease political differences and lead to social harmony.
By the late 1960’s, however, this hard-won sense of stability had begun to disappear as popular protest movements in East and West arose to challenge dominant certainties. In the early 1970’s the astonishing postwar economic advance ground to a halt, with serious consequences. In western Europe, a new generation of conservative political leaders advanced new policies to deal with economic decline and the growth of global competition. New political groups across the political spectrum, from feminists and environmentalists to national separatists and right-wing populists, added to the atmosphere of crisis and conflict.
In the East Bloc, leaders vacillated between central economic control and liberalization and left in place tight controls on social freedom, leading to stagnation and frustration. In the 1980’s popular dissident movement emerged in Poland and other satellite states, and efforts to reform the Communist system in the Soviet Union from the top down snowballed out of control. In 1989, as revolutions swept away Communist rule throughout the entire Soviet bloc, the Cold War reached a dramatic conclusion.
REFORM AND PROTEST IN THE 1960’S (29.1)
Before you read:
Predict the troubles Eastern Europe will have maintaining Communism.
Terms to know:
Ostpolitik
detente
“Americanization of Europe”
New Left
“Socialism with a Human Face”
While you read:
1- Describe the significance of Willy Brandt’s gesture in Poland.
2- Describe the counter-culture movement and its effect on society.
3- What were the reasons and outcome of the European student rebellions of the late 1960’s?
4- Why would the Soviet Union only allow reforms to go so far?
After you read:
1. / What does Willy Brandt's selection as chancellor in 1969 exemplify?A) / Western Europe's political shift toward the left
B) / The British Labour Party's return to power
C) / France's continuation of its centrist politics
D) / Socialists entering the Italian government
2. When contemporary critics in Europe complained about the age of affluence in the 1960s, what influence did they worry might overwhelm Europeanness?
A) Soviet
B) American
C) Regional traditions
D) National traditions
Living in the Past – The Supermarket Revolution (29.1)
1- Why did Italians greet the arrival of supermarket shopping with both protest and enthusiasm?
2- How does the supermarket exemplify the consumer revolution that swept through Europe in the late ‘50’s and ‘60’s? What are the implications for family life?
Primary Source – Counterculture Graffiti from Paris (29.1)
1- What seems to be the main target of these lines? How do they express the counterculture slogan, “the personal is political”?
CRISIS AND CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPE (29.2)
Before you read:
Who is this person, what do you know about her and what she did?
Terms to know:
OPEC
Stagflation
Post Industrial Society
Milton Friedman
Margaret Thatcher
Simone de Beauvoir
Rachel Carson “Silent Spring”
Jean-Marie Le Pen
While you read:
1- Explain the effect of the oil embargo on the economies of the West.
2- Explain the ideas of the new “neoliberalism”. How did it work in Great Britain, Germany, France and the US?
3- What is the IRA? How successful was their movement?
After you read:
1. / What were the ETA and IRA fighting for in the 1970s and 1980s?A) / Women's rights
B) / Environmental protection
C) / Nationalistic separatism
D) / Communist revolution
2. What does the term "stagflation" describe?
A. The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and the oil embargo of 1974
B. The collapse of the international monetary system
C. The American abandonment of the gold standard
D. The rise in unemployment, decline in productivity, and high inflation
Individuals in Society – Margaret Thatcher (29.2)
1- Why did Margaret Thatcher want to change Britain, and how did she do it?
2- How did Thatcher’s policies reflect the new conservatism of the ‘70’s and ‘80’s?
The Decline of “Developed Socialism” (29.3)
Before you read:
What do you know about these two men? How are they connected?
Terms to know:
Solidarity
Detente
Perestroika and Glasnost
While you read:
1- By the 1970’s how successful was Communism in improving the lives of their citizens?
2- Describe the challenges to Communism in Poland and Czechoslovakia.
3- How did Gorbachev try to save the Soviet Union? How successful was he?
After you read:
1- Which statement describes a success of "developed socialism" as envisioned by Communist leaders of the 1970s?
A. The almost full collectivization of agriculture
B. The high percentage of women in ranking positions
C. The growing wealth of the elite
d. The abandonment of welfare benefits in favor of industrial development
2- In what East Bloc country did Solidarity come to power in 1989 through free elections?
a. Hungary
b. Poland
c. Czechoslovakia
d. Romania
Primary Source – Dissent in the Czechoslovak Soviet Republic (29.3)
1- Why does the Charter call on ordinary citizens to take responsibility for observing the “legally enshrined agreements” on human rights?
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1989 (29.4)
Before you read:
What does this image mean to you?
Terms to know:
Velvet Revolution
Alliance for Germany
Boris Yeltsin
While you read:
1- Describe the similarities and differences in the revolutions in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Romania.
2- What were the causes of German reunification? How was it tied to events in the Soviet Union?
3- Explain the situation behind the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
4- How did Lech Walesa and Solidarity engineer the fall of the Communist Party in Poland?
After you read:
1. In what East Bloc country did Solidarity come to power in 1989 through free elections?
a. Hungary.
b. Poland.
c. Czechoslovakia.
d. Romania.
2. The economic restructuring of the Soviet Union enacted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s is known by what name?
a. Collectivization.
b. Developed socialism.
c. Perestroika
d. "Socialism with a human face".
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