Chapter 2: Marine Ecology

  1. Which would you expect to find closer to the beach? Buckshot barnacles, crabs, mussels
  2. What habitat are you likely to find lugworms? (sediment covered shore like mudflats)
  3. What is the min temp for coral? (18C)
  4. What kind of habitat would you find kelp? (rocky bottom)
  5. What part of the kelp organism keeps it upright by floating? (bladders)
  6. Put hadal zone, bathyl zone, and abyssal zone in order from deepest to surface. (hadal, abyssal, bathyl)
  7. What is the depth of the mesopelagic zone? (200m-1000m)
  8. What is the depth of the oxygen minimum zone? (700-1000m)
  9. What is missing in the oxygen minimum zone that is present at 200m? (producers)
  10. What is the term for a relationship between two organisms that is ongoing and at least one of the organisms is helped? (symbiosis)
  11. What causes the sonar pattern found in the deep scattering layer? (many organisms)
  12. What does DMS (dimethyl sulfide) do for the sea? (gives it smell)
  13. Which is larger gross primary production or net primary production? (gross)
  14. What accounts for the difference between gross and net? (respiration)
  15. What is the total plant biomass in a certain area of the sea? (standing crop)
  16. What is the primary limiting factor in the tropics? (nutrients)
  17. What are the two primary limiting factors of the ocean? (nutrients and light)
  18. What process changes nitrogen gas to ammonia? (nitrogen fixation)
  19. What organisms account for much of the nitrogen fixation in the ocean? (cyanobacteria)
  20. What cells in cyanobacteria are specialized to do N fixation? (heterocysts)
  21. What is the relationship between a clown fish and a sea anemone? (mutualism)
  22. What element accounts for the black in “black smokers”? (sulfur)
  23. What is the primary energy source for chemosynthetic organisms? (hydrogen sulfide)
  24. What is the term for the open ocean water not over the shelf? (pelagic)
  25. What is the term for the ocean over the continental shelf? (neritic)
  26. How deep does the neritic water generally get? (200m)
  27. What zone be dysphotic? (mesopelagic)
  28. When does the sublittoral zone become exposed to air on a typical day? (never)
  29. What is another name for the spray zone? (supralittoral)
  30. Is the biodiversity of rocky shores high or low compared to others? (high)
  31. What does green or yellow water color in coastal areas indicate? (organic materials)
  32. Where might you find turtle grass, fiddler crabs, and eel grass? (mud flats)
  33. What phylum do sea urchins belong to? (echinoderms)
  34. What class do sea urchins belong to? (echinoidea)
  35. What is meant by the oxygen compensation depth? Oxygen production = oxygen consumption
  36. Which can exist farther from the equator- salt marshes or mangrove swamps? (salt marshes up to 65N)
  37. What is meant by hypoxic waters that mangrove swamps have? (low oxygen)
  38. What is the youngest type of coral reef? (fringing)
  39. What is typical of water that has oligotrophication? (low nutrients/low productivity)