Well- and Ill Being Measures Cited in Literature Review
APPENDIX
Well- and Ill Being Measures Cited in Literature Review
(Measures with two asterisks** were used in the VETSA twin study)
**Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff 1977)
1. I was bothered by things that usually don’t bother me.
2. I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor.
3. I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends.
4. I felt that I was just as good as other people.
5. I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing.
6. I felt depressed.
7. I felt that everything I did was an effort.
8. I felt hopeful about the future.
9. I thought my life had been a failure.
10. I felt fearful.
11. My sleep was restless.
12. I was happy.
13. I talked less than usual.
14. I felt lonely.
15. People were unfriendly.
16. I enjoyed life.
17. I had crying spells.
18. I felt sad.
19. I felt that people disliked me.
20. I could not get “going”.
General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Williams 1988)
1. Been able to concentrate on whatever you are doing?
2. Lost much sleep over worry?
3. Been feeling unhappy and depressed?
4. Been thinking of yourself as a worthless person?
5. Been feeling reasonably happy all things considered?
6. Felt constantly under strain?
7. Been losing confidence in yourself?
8. Felt you are playing a useful part in things?
9. Been able to enjoy your normal day-to-day activities?
10. Been able to face up to your problems?
11. Felt you could not overcome your difficulties?
12. Felt capable of making decisions about things?
Life OrientationTest of optimism and pessimism (original & revised) (Scheier and Carver 1985; Scheier et al. 1994) Items with asterisks in revised version
1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best (o).*
2. If something can go wrong for me, it will (p).*
3. I’m always optimistic about my future (o).*
4. I hardly ever expect things to go my way (p).*
5. I rarely count on good things happening to me (p).*
6. Overall I expect more good things to happen to me than bad (o).*
7. I always look on the bright side of things (o).
8. I’m a believer in the idea that “every cloud has a silver lining”(o).
9. Things never work out the way I want them to (p).
**Life Satisfaction (1-item)
“Using a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means “the worst possible life overall” and 10 means “the best possible life overall” how would you rate your life these days? (10 point scale from worst to best)”(Cantril 1965; Gurin et al. 1960)
Life Satisfaction (Moum et al. 1990)
1. When you think about your life at present, would you say that you are mostly satisfied with your life or mostly dissatisfied?
2. Over the past month have you suffered from nervousness (felt irritable, anxious, tense or restless (all the time to never)?
3. Do you mostly feel strong and fit or tired and worn out (very strong to tired and worn out)?
4. Are you usually happy or dejected (dejected to happy)?
Life Satisfaction Index Z (Wood et al. 1969)
1. As I grow older, things seem better than I thought they would be.
2. I have gotten more of the breaks in life than most of the people I know.
3. This is the dreariest time of my life
4. I am just as happy as when I was younger
5. These are the best years of my life
6. Most of the things that I do are boring or monotonous
7. The things I do are as interesting to me now as they ever were
8. As I look back on my life, I am fairly well satisfied.
9. I have made plans for things I’ll be doing a month or a year from now.
10. When I think back over my life, I didn’t get most of the important things I wanted
11. Compared to other people I get down in the dumps too often.
12. I’ve gotten pretty much what I expected out of life.
13. In spite of what people say, the lot of the average man is getting worse not better.
Life Satisfaction (Nes et al. 2008) .
‘When you think about your life at present, would you say that you are mostly satisfied with your life, or mostly dissatisfied?’ (scale ranging from 1‘extremely satisfied’ to 6 ‘very dissatisfied.’)
Mental Well-Being (3 components) Keyes, 2010).
**I. Psychological Well-being: Psychological Well-Being Scale [18 items] (Ryff and Keyes 1995) (see below)
II. Emotional Well-being
A. During the last 30 days, how much of the time (“all, “most”, “some”, “a little”, or “none of the time”) did you feel: 1) cheerful; 2) in good spirits; 3) extremely happy; 4) calm and peaceful; 5) satisfied; and 6) full of life [6 items](Gurin et al. 1960)
**B. Rate your life overall these days on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0=”
worst possible life overall” and 10=”the best possible life overall.” [1 item] (Cantril 1965)
III. Social well-being (Keyes, 1998)
A. Social acceptance
1. People who do a favor expect nothing in return
2. People do not care about other people’s problems
3. I believe that people are basically kind
B. Social Growth
1. The world is becoming a better place for everyone.
2. Society has stopped making progress.
3. Society isn’t improving for people like me.
C. Social contribution
1. I have something valuable to give the world.
2. My daily activities do not create anything worthwhile for my
community.
3. I have nothing important to contribute to society.
D. Social coherence
1. The world is too complex for me.
2. I cannot make sense of what’s going on in the world.
3. I find it easy to predict what will happen next in society.
E. Social integration.
1. I don’t feel I belong to anything I’d call a community.
2. I feel close to other people in my community.
3. My community is a source of comfort.
**Psychological Well-being (Ryff 1995; Ryff and Keyes 1995)
1. In general, I feel I am in charge of the situation in which I live.
2. When I look at the story of my life, I am pleased with how things have turned out.
3. I live life one day at a time and don’t really think about the future.
4. Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me.
5. The demands of everyday life often get me down.
**Psychological Well-being continued (Ryff 1995; Ryff and Keyes 1995)
6. I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world.
7. I am quite good at managing the responsibilities of my daily life.
8. I like most aspects of my personality.
9. I tend to be influenced by people with strong opinions.
10. In many ways, I feel disappointed about my achievements in life.
11. I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general consensus.
12. People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time.
13. For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing and growth.
14. I have not experienced many warm and trusting relationships with others.
15. I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago.
16. Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them.
17. I judge myself by what I think is important, not by the values of what others think is important.
18. I sometimes feel as if I’ve done all there is to do in life.
Quality of Life
1. General Quality of Life: (1 item: 0 to 10) indicate (on ladder) whether in general this is the best possible life, worst possible life. (Cantril 1965)
2. Current Quality of Life at moment of measurement: (1 item: 0 to 10) indicate where you would put yourself at the moment for whether this is the best possible life, worst possible life in general.(Cantril 1965)
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al. 1985)
1. In most ways my life is close to my ideal
2. The conditions of my life are excellent
3. I am satisfied with my life
4. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life
5. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing
**Self Esteem (Rosenberg 1965)
1. I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal basis with others.
2. I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
3. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
4. I am able to do things as well as most other people.
5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
6. I take a positive attitude toward myself.
7. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
8. I wish I could have more respect for myself.
9. I certainly feel useless at times.
10. At times I think I am no good at all.
Symptom Check List (SCL-5) (Tambs and Moum 1993)
Participants indicated if during the last 14 days they were bothered or distressed by:
1) Feeling fearful (anxiety scale)
2) Nervousness or shakiness inside (anxiety scale)
3) Feeling hopeless about the future (depression scale)
4) Feeling blue (depression scale)
5) Worrying too much about things (depression scale)
Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky and Lepper 1999)
1. In general, I consider myself (“not a very happy person” to “a very happy person”).
2. Compared to most of my peers, I consider myself (“less happy” to “more happy”)
3. Some people are generally very happy. They enjoy life regardless of what is going on, getting the most out of everything. To what extent does this characterization describe you? (“not at all” to “a great deal”)
4. Some people are generally not very happy. Although they are not depressed , they never seem as happy as they might be. To what extent does this characterization describe you? (“not at all” to “a great deal”)
**Well-Being Scale: Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Caspi 2000; Caspi et al. 1997; Krueger et al. 2000; Patrick et al. 2002; Tellegen 1985; Tellegen et al. 1988).
1. It is easy for me to become enthusiastic about things I am doing.
2. I often feel happy and satisfied for no particular reason.
3. I live a very interesting life.
4. Every day I do some things that are fun.
5. I usually find some ways to liven up my day.
6. Most days I have moments of real fun or joy.
7. I often feel sort of lucky for no special reason.
8. Every day interesting and exciting things happen to me.
9. In my spare time I usually find something interesting to do.
10. For me, life is a great adventure.
11. I always seem to have something pleasant to look forward to.
Appendix References
Cantril H (1965) The pattern of human concerns. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ
Caspi A (2000) The child is father of the man: personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 78(1):158-172
Caspi A, Begg D, Dickson N, Harrington H, Langley J, Moffitt TE, Silva PA (1997) Personality differences predict health-risk behaviors in young adulthood: evidence from a longitudinal study. J Pers Soc Psychol 73(5):1052-1063
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S (1985) The Satisfaction With Life Scale. J Pers Assess 49(1):71-75
Goldberg DP, Williams P (1988) A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. In. NFER-Nelson, Windsor, pp
Gurin G, Veroff J, Feld S (1960) Americans view their mental health. Basic Books, New York, NY
Krueger RF, Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2000) Epidemiological personology: the unifying role of personality in population-based research on problem behaviors. J Pers 68(6):967-998
Lyubomirsky S, Lepper HS (1999) A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Soc Indicators Research 46137-155
Moum T, Ness S, Sorensen T, Tambs K, Holmen T (1990) Hypertension labeling, life events, and psychological well-being. Psychological Medicine 20(635-646):
Nes RB, Czajkowski N, Roysamb E, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Tambs K (2008) Well-being and ill-being: shared environments, shared genes? The Journal of Positive Psychology 3253-265
Patrick CJ, Curtin JJ, Tellegen A (2002) Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment 14150-163
Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1385-401
Rosenberg M (1965) The measurement of self-esteem. In: Rosenberg M (ed) Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp 16-307
Ryff CD (1995) Psychological well-being in adult life. Current directions in psychological science 499-104
Ryff CD, Keyes CL (1995) The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69719-727
Scheier MF, Carver CS (1985) Optimism, coping and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies Health Psychology 4219-247
Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW (1994) Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol 67(6):1063-1078
Tambs K, Moum T (1993) How well can a few questionnaire items indicate anxiety and depression? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 87364-367
Tellegen A (1985) Structure of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In: Tuma AH, Maser JD (eds) Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 681-706
Tellegen A, Lykken DT, Bouchard TJ, Wilcox KJ, Segal N, Risch S (1988) Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 541031-1039
Wood V, Wylie ML, Sheafor B (1969) An analysis of a short self-report measure of life satisfaction: correlation with rater judgments. J Gerontol 24(4):465-469
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