Urinary System Study Guide
Anatomy
ADH(Antidiuretic hormone) and Aldosterone – two hormones that control urine production
Adrenal Glands - located directly above the kidneys anddivided into the cortex and medulla
-Medulla - inner layer of the kidney
-Pyramids - triangular-shaped divisions of the medulla of the kidney
Bladder - a hollow muscular sac that stores and aids in the elimination of urine.
-capable of great expansion
Kidneys – remove toxic waste from cells preventing poisoning
Nephron – functional unit of kidney
-houses Bowman's Capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, and Loop of Henle
Bowman’s Capsule - double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus
-Loop of Henle - cluster of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule
-Glomerulus – functions to filter substances from the blood
Pelvic Cavity – location of urinary bladder
Ureter- tubes connecting the kidneys and bladder
-How urine leaves the kidney
Urethra - tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body
Urinary meatus - opening of the urethra to the outside of the body
Urinary System- function is to remove waste products from the body.
Urine Flow – Glomerulus, Bowman’s Capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubules, Collecting Tubule
Definitions
Dehydration – loss of body fluids. S/s is dark amber-colored urine and voiding very small amounts.
E-Coli – can causedysuria, urinary frequency and lower abdominal discomfort from improper hygiene
Filtration – removes waste and excess water. Beginning of urine formation
Pyuria –pus in urine
Reabsorption –During urine formation useful substances filter out of the renal tubules and back into the capillaries around the tubules
-the proximal convoluted tubules are responsible for correcting the water imbalance during dehydration
-affects the release of ADH
Secretion – process of urinary function where excessive substances in urinary filtrate, such as sodium and potassium, lead to their elimination
Renin – diuretic BP med causes increase urinary frequency
Diseases/Conditions
Anuria – absence of urine treated with Hemodialysis
Acute Renal failure – temporary loss of kidney function
-Oliguria – below normal amounts of urination. Early sign of acute renal failure
Chronic Renal Failure - gradual loss of nephron function
Cystitis-Inflammation of the bladder commonly caused by E-coli bacteria
E-Coli – can cause dysuria, urinary frequency and lower abdominal discomfort from improper hygiene
Dysuria – painful voiding.
Enuresis – bedwetting common in small children
Hematuria – RBC are present in urineresult of ineffective Filtration
-eg. kidney trauma
Hemodialysis- treatment for kidney failure.
-blood passes through a semipermeable membrane to rid the body of wastes.
-Replaces kidney filtration function
Incontinence - unintentional wetting of pants
Kidney Transplant – BEST treatment for renal failure
-main complication is rejection
Lithotripsy – uses shockwaves to break up renal calculi.
Nephritis –Inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis causes pyuria (pus)
Polyuria – excessive urination from drinking lots of fluids
Renal Calculi – aka kidney stones
-s/s severe flank pain, chills, hematuria
-large stones block the ureter