Name: ______Period: ____

Unit Six Assessment: Genetics Study Guide

Lesson 7.1: From DNA to Proteins

Transcription

  1. Know what it does, where it occurs.
  1. Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes go through transcription? If yes where does it happen in each type of organism.

Figure 1

The Genetic Code transcription and translation universal to all

  1. Do all living things have a genetic code?
  2. Understand how bacteria go through transcription and translation.

Reading the Genetic Code

  1. What is the reading frame?
  1. How is the mRNA molecule read or the genetic code?

Characteristics of the Genetic Code

  1. Do all organisms have the same genetic code for the same amino acids?
  2. Does the genetic code establish evolutionary history?

Translation

  1. What is the purpose of translation in relationship to the central dogma of molecular biology?
  1. Where does mRNA go after it leaves the nucleus?
  1. What is the role of the RER in protein synthesis?

Lesson 7.2: Mendelian Inheritance

Mendel’s First Set of Experiments

  1. What letter represents the parental generation?

F1 and F2 Generations

  1. What does F1 mean?
  2. What does F2 mean?

Law of Segregation

  1. What does it state?

Law of Independent Assortment

  1. What does it state?

Genetics of Inheritance

1. What controls the inheritance of characteristics in organisms?

  1. What are alleles?

Genotype and Phenotype

  1. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
  1. Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.
  1. Differentiate between dominant alleles and recessive alleles.

Principle of Dominance

1. What does it state?

Probability and Inheritance

  1. What two main events determine the genotypes of offspring?

Using a Punnett Square

  1. Where on the Punnett square do you place the gametes produced by the male parent?
  1. Where on the Punnett square do you place the gametes produced by the female parent?
  2. How are the different possible combinations of alleles for the offspring determined?
  1. At this link: you can watch an animation on how to use Punnett squares and answer the questions below. Fill in the Punnett square below with the information viewed on the website link:
  1. What will be the genotypes of the offspring?
  1. What are the phenotypes of these offspring?

Predicting Offspring Genotypes

In single trait crosses, you can expect that one out of four offspring (25 percent) will have homozygous dominant genotypes (example: BB), one out of four (25 percent) will have homozygous recessive genotypes (example: bb), and two out of four (50 percent) will have heterozygous dominant genotype (example: Bb). These percents of genotypes are what you would expect in any cross between two heterozygous parents.

Predicting Offspring Phenotypes

You can predict the percentages of phenotypes in the offspring from their genotypes. Example: B is dominant to b, so offspring with have either the BB, Bb, or bb genotype. BB and Bb produces purple-flower phenotypes and bb produces white-flower phenotypes. Therefore, in a cross where both parents are heterozygous (Bb), you would expect three out of four (75 percent) of the offspring to have purple flowers (BB or Bb) and one out of four (25 percent) to have white flowers (bb).

Determining Missing Genotypes

A Punnett square can also be used to determine a missing genotype based on the other genotypes involved in a cross. Suppose you have a parent plant with purple flowers and a parent plant with white flowers. Because the b allele is recessive, you know that the white-flowered parent must have the genotype bb. The purple-flowered parent, on the other hand, could have either the BB or the Bb genotype. The Punnett square belowshows this cross. The blank boxes in the chart could be either B or b alleles.

  1. Fill in the blank boxes below with their missing alleles…

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance that can involve genes found on homologous chromosomes.

Codominance and Incomplete Dominance

Codominance

  1. Define codominance.

Incomplete Dominance

  1. Define incomplete dominance.

Lesson 7.3: Human Genetics and Biotechnology: Human Chromosomes and Genes

Sex-Linked Genes

  1. Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called ______.

Sex-Linked Traits

  1. Explain who males inherit X chromosomes from and who they can pass it on to.
  1. Do mothers or fathers determine the sex of the offspring?
  1. What type of X-linked trait is always expressed in males?
  1. Why are the X-linked traits that rare in females?

Pedigree Analysis Activity

  1. Know how to read a pedigree chart.

Multiple Allele Traits

  1. What are multiple allele traits?
  1. What example does your text give you of a multiple allele trait in humans?
  1. Know how to read a Punnett Square of ABO blood types.
  2. What are the four ABO phenotypes?
  1. What are the ABO genotypes?
  1. Be able to fill in missing information on an ABO blood type Punnett Square.

Genetic Disorders

  1. List two causes of genetic disorders below:

Genetic Disorders Caused by Mutations

  1. Are most genetic disorders controlled by dominant alleles?
  1. How does someone become a carrier of a mutant recessive allele?
  1. Do carriers actually have the disorder?

Chromosomal Disorders

  1. What is nondisjunction, what happens?

Introduction

  1. What is biotechnology?
  1. Why are organisms altered using biotechnology?

Applications of Biotechnology

  1. What two fields utilize biotechnology?

Applications in Medicine

In addition to gene therapy for genetic disorders, biotechnology can be used to transform bacteria so they are able to make human proteins. Proteins made by the bacteria are injected into people who cannot produce them because of mutations. Insulin was the first human protein to be produced in this way.

Applications in Agriculture

  1. What are transgenic crops?

Lesson 7.4: Mutations & Regulation of Gene Expression

Introduction

  1. A change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA is called a ______.
  2. Mutations are essential for ______to occur.
  3. What is the ultimate source of all new genetic materials in a species?

Causes of Mutation

  1. During what cell processes are mutations caused?
  1. What other factors can cause genetic mutations?

Chromosomal Alterations

  1. What is changed by chromosomal alterations?
  1. How do chromosomal alterations occur?
  1. Go to this link for a video about the five types of chromosomal alterations:

(2:18). Then describe what occurs in each type of chromosomal alteration below:

  1. Deletion:
  1. Duplication:
  1. Inversion:
  1. Translocation:

Point Mutations

  1. What causes a point mutation?
  1. List and explain the three types of point mutations below:

Table 1.1: Point Mutations and Their Effects

______

Type Description Example Effect

------

1.

2.

3.

Frameshift Mutations

  1. What is a frameshift mutation and what does it change?

Effects of Mutations

  1. What types of mutations have neither a negative nor positive effect on the organism in which they occur?
  1. Explain how it is possible for these neutral mutations to have no effect on the organisms they occur in.

1