UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Vocabulary
- Exchange of bacterial genetic information using a viral vector
- Cells that contain DNA surrounded by a membrane, membrane-bound organelles
- Smallest unit of life
- Process by which viral genome is copied
- Physical changes in an organism
- Chemical changes in an organism
- Gram stain reaction in which cells appear reddish; more resistant to antibiotics
- Constant internal environment; “internal harmony”
- Term used to describe any living thing
- Smallest unit of matter
- Tissues working together
- Quantifies how precisely the true mean is known
- Group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
- Different types of organisms in a single area
- Virus that uses host cell to convert its RNA genome to DNA
- Cells that lack true nucleus
- Trigger that elicits a response in an organism
- Combination of biotic and abiotic factors in an area
- Term used to describe a viral particle
- Protein coat of a virus
- Adaptation found in some viruses that allows for easier host cell attachment, evasion of host defenses
- Inherited characteristic that enhances survival
- Process by which viral capsid is created
- Virus that infects bacteria
- Cycle in which virus uses host cell to create large numbers of viral particles; results in destruction of host cell
- Poison released upon lysis of Gram negative bacteria; due to outer membrane components
- Reflection of data spread, variation between values
- Cycle in which virus incorporates its genome into bacterial genome
- Process in which bacteria to take up DNA from environment
- Term used to describe inactive form of viral DNA incorporated into host cell DNA
- Defense mechanism employed by bacteria to fight viral infection
- Freshwater protist that causes diarrhea
- Mechanism by which animal host cell engulfs enveloped virus
- Cells working together
- Statement of no effect; states that any variation is insignificant
- Viral enzyme that converts RNA to DNA
- Infectious protein particle
- Rod-shaped bacteria
- Mutualistic relationship between a fungus & photosynthetic microbe; often seen on tree bark
- Spherical bacteria
- Asexual reproduction in bacteria
- Bacterial DNA separate from main chromosome; self-replicating
- Gram stain reaction in which cells stain purple due to higher concentration of peptidoglycan
- Group of organisms in one species in one area
- Polysaccharide covering seen in some bacteria; enhances pathogenicity
- Bacterial adaptation used in conjugation
- Protective structure that encloses DNA; allows for bacterial “hibernation”
- Direct exchange of genetic information between bacteria
- Organism that carries out cell respiration but can switch to fermentation if necessary
- Poison secreted by some bacteria
- Causative agent of malaria
- Mutualistic relationship between fungi & plant roots; increases surface area for water absorption
- Protist associated with cat feces; may cause birth defects in unborn fetus
Experimental Design & Statistical Analysis
One lab group (Group A) measured the height of 10 pea plants. Another group (Group B) wanted to test the effect of human singing on pea plant growth. They grew ten pea plants in the exact same conditions except they sang to their plants every day. The measurements of both plant groups are shown below.
Group A
Plant / Height(cm)
1 / 5.4
2 / 7.2
3 / 4.9
4 / 9.3
5 / 7.2
6 / 8.1
7 / 8.5
8 / 5.4
9 / 7.8
10 / 10.2
Group B
Plant / Height(cm)
1 / 6.1
2 / 6.1
3 / 10.5
4 / 12.6
5 / 4.2
6 / 13.0
7 / 5.9
8 / 3.1
9 / 11.7
10 / 12.2
1.Determine the following for each group. Round to the nearest hundredth where applicable.
- Mode
- Median
- Mean
- Range
- Standard Deviation
2.Answer the following questions about the experiment described above.
- What is the control?
- What is the independent variable? Dependent variable?
- Describe some controlled variables that needed to be monitored.
- What type of graph should be used to illustrate the data for both groups? Explain.
3.Answer the following questions about the experiment described above.
- In testing the effect of singing on plant height, what is the null hypothesis?
- Compare the standard deviations for each data set. What is the significance of these values?
- Calculate the standard error of the mean for each data set. Using a requirement of 95% confidence, is the null hypothesis supported or rejected?
- What type of graph should be used to illustrate this? How would each axis be labeled?
……………………………….
\
4.The data set below gives the waiting time in minutes of several people at the Department of Motor Vehicles (clearly not the one in Humble! ).
11, 7, 14, 2, 8, 13, 3, 6, 10, 3, 8, 4, 8, 4, 7
- What is the mean waiting time? Round to the nearest tenth.
- Calculate the standard deviation. Round to the nearest tenth.
- What is the significance of this value?
5.Given the following test scores in two different classes …
99, 75, 85, 67, 78, 92, 86
100, 56, 74, 66, 79, 77, 81, 95, 63
- Calculate the mean grade for each class. Round to the nearest tenth.
- Calculate the standard deviation for each data set to determine in which class the grades are more consistent. Round to the nearest tenth.
- Is there a significant difference between the average performances of each class?
6.Students tested the effect of catalase on the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. The amount of oxygen produced was measured over a 2 minute period. The following data was collected over 5 minutes.
Time(min) / Amount of O2 produced (mL)
1 / 2.3
2 / 3.6
3 / 4.2
4 / 5.5
5 / 5.9
- Calculate the rate of reaction between each time increment. Round to the nearest hundredth.
- How does the rate of reaction for the first 2 minutes compare with the rate of reaction for the last two minutes? Calculate each rate.
- What type of graph would best represent this data? How would each axis be labeled?
7.Mr. Tom A. Toe prides himself on having the biggest tomato yield in his county. He has been researching ways to have even better results. Mr. Toe wants to set up a controlled experiment to determine if adding Super-Gro will increase the number of tomatoes produced per plant. Please answer the following questions…
- Define hypothesis. What is a valid hypothesis for his experiment?
- Define control. What is the control?
- Define independent variable. What is the independent variable?
- Define dependent variable. What is the dependent variable?
- Define controlled variables. What are some controlled variables he needs to monitor?
Classification
______1. Prokaryote with cell walls made of peptidoglycanA. Animalia
______2. Composed of all autotrophic eukaryotesB. Archaebacteria
______3. Eukaryotes with cell walls made of chitinC. Eubacteria
______4. YeastsD. Fungi
______5. All unicellular with cell walls that lack peptidoglycanE. Plantae
______6. All members carry out photosynthesisF. Protista
______7. All members are heterotrophs lacking a cell wall
______8. Prokaryotes that live in very extreme, harsh conditions
______9. Mosses
______10. Eukaryotic heterotrophs that obtain nutrients through absorption
______11. Algae
______12. Cell wall made up of cellulose
______13. Non-motile eukaryotes with organs and organ systems
______14. Eukaryotes that are mostly unicellular, but may be multicellular
______15. Eukaryotic kingdom composed of organisms with or without chloroplasts
______16. Mushrooms
______17. Prokaryotic decomposers
______18. Eukaryotic decomposers
______19. Most complex of all kingdoms
______20. “Junk Drawer of Life”
______21. Ubiquitous prokaryotes
______22. All members have nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall
______23. Most ancient of kingdoms
______24. Sponges
______25. Heterotrophs with organs and organ systems
______26. E. coli
………………………………….
- Match each kingdom listed as an answer choice above with the correct domain.
- List the levels of classification beginning with the group in which organisms share the most common characteristics.