Unit G Master Outline

G.Hematology

1H07.01Explain the structure of the blood.

  1. Adult = 8-10 pints
  2. Composition
  3. Plasma
  4. Serum
  5. Cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
  6. Plasma
  7. Straw colored
  8. Contains water, blood proteins, plasma proteins, nutrients, etc.
  9. Erythrocytes
  10. Shape = biconcave discs, donut-shaped
  11. Hemoglobin
  12. Gives red color
  13. Heme is iron, globin is protein
  14. Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen
  15. Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO2
  16. Leukocytes
  17. May be granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid
  18. Larger than erythrocytes
  19. Types of white cells
  20. Neutrophils
  21. Eosinophils
  22. Basophils
  23. Lymphocytes
  24. Monocytes
  25. Thrombocytes
  26. Platelets
  27. Make the blood clot
  28. Smallest solid components of blood
  29. Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes

1H07.02Analyze the function of the blood.

A.Four main functions

1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones

2.Aids in distribution of heat

3. Regulates acid-base balance

4.Helps protect against infection

B. Plasma

1. Liquid part of blood

2.Plasma proteins

a.Fibrinogen – blood clotting

b.Albumin – osmotic pressure and volume

c.Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin K

4.Reduction of Heparin

C.Erythrocytes

1.Contain hemoglobin

a.Transports O2 to tissues and CO2 away from cells

b.Red cells travel to lungs to get O2 and give up CO2, then to tissues to deliver O2 and pick up CO2

2.Erythropoiesis – manufacture of red cells in bonemarrow

3.Life span

a.Red cells live 120 days

b.Old cells broken down by spleen and liver

4.Hemolysis – rupture of erythrocyte from blood transfusion or disease

D.Leukocytes

1.Fight infection

2.Phagocytosis – white cells surround, engulf and digest harmful bacteria

3.Basophils produce heparin – and anticoagulant

4.Diapedesis – when white cells move through capillary walls into neighboring tissues

5.Inflammation

a.Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma

b.Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infection

c.Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain

d.Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

E.Thrombocytes (Platelets)

1.Synthesized in red marrow

2.Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

F.Coagulation

1.Cut or injury causes to break/clump

2.Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen

3.Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma, creating a blood clot

4.Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting

5.Heparin is an anticoagulant

G.Blood types

1.Four major types, determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell

a.A

b.B

c.O

d.AB

2.Inherited from parents

3.Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body

a.Someone with type A blood has b antibodies

b.Someone with type B blood has a antibodies

c.Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies

d.Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

4.Universal donor – O

5.Universal recipient – AB

6.Red cells may also contain Rh factor

1H07.03Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders.

A.Inflammation

1.Pus

2.Abscess

3.Pyrexia

4.Leukocytosis

5.Edema

B.Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs

C.Anemia – deficiency in number or % of RBCs

1.Iron-deficiency anemia

a.Usually women, children and adolescents

b.Deficiency of dietary iron causing insufficient hemoglobin

c.Rx with iron supplements, green leafy vegetables

2.Aplastic anemia

a.Bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells

b.Cause – drugs or radiation therapy

3.Sickle cell anemia

a.Chronic, inherited blood disorder

b.RBCs abnormal sickle (crescent) shape

c.Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen

d.Occurs primarily in African Americans

D.Polycythemia – too many RBCs

E.Embolism – moving blood clot

F.Thrombosis (thrombus) – formation of a blood clot in a vessel

G.Hematoma

1.Localized mass of blood found in organ, tissue or space

2.Caused by injury that causes a blood vessel to rupture

H.Hemophilia

1.Hereditary – sex-linked, transmitted from mother to son

2.Missing clotting factor

3.Blood clots slowly

4.Rx with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

I.Thrombocytopenia

1.Not enough platelets

2.Blood does not clot properly

J.Leukemia

1.Malignancy

2.Overproduction of immature white blood cells

3.Research on cord blood