Unit 8 Chapter 22-24 Review

  • Colonization of Vietnam
  • Colonized by France
  • 1945-54 War with France
  • Ho Ch Minh - communist leader of independence movement
  • Rubber is valuable resource
  • Geneva Accords
  • Divide Vietnam at 17th parallel
  • N. Vietnam communist
  • Hold elections in S. Vietnam
  • Ngo Dien Diem – 1st President of S. Vietnam – eventually disposed and killed
  • Domino Theory – “if” one country fell to communism: others would follow suit
  • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution –
  • Alleged attack on the USS Maddox
  • Legislation by Congress gave President the authority to declare War
  • General Westmoreland – U.S. Commander in Vietnam War
  • Asymmetric Warfare – conflict between two unequal forces in which each side utilizes its own strengths
  • Living Room War – realistic images broadcast on nightly TV news
  • Vietcong – (National Liberation Front) Vietnamese forces who used jungle warfare and elaborate tunnels to launch surprise attacks on the U.S.
  • Credibility Gap – The vast difference between realty and what government officials said about war
  • Draft instituted-
  • Known as ‘Selective Service’
  • Could be manipulated:
  • College Deferrals
  • Join National guard
  • Create false health issues
  • New Left – Political group formed by Vietnam protestors and college students
  • 1968 –
  • Bobby Kennedy and MLK both assassinated
  • Tet offensive – mood of war shifts when Vietcong launches surprise attack
  • U.S. eventually wins Tet offensive, but Vietcong wins politically
  • Chicago National Democratic Convention – Protests and arrests outside convention steals thunder from Democrats – Nixon wins election
  • Kent State University - four youths shot and killed by National Guard at protest
  • Vietnam Protest Music
  • Bruce Springstein’s “For What it’s Worth”
  • Crosby Still Nash & Young “Ohio”
  • Hawks – Support war, Doves – Anti-war
  • President Johnson – decides not to run for re-election due to Vietnam War
  • Vietnamization – Decreasing U.S. Troop numbers – let S. Vietnamese take over
  • Agent Orange (Chemical warfare) and Napalm (gas bombs) used by U.S. to destroy the jungle and expose tunnel networks
  • Pentagon Papers – Revealed the US had plans to enter Vietnam BEFORE Gulf of Tonkin Incident
  • War Powers Act - Erased powers given to President with Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – President now must give Congress 48 hours notice about sending troops into foreign country
  • Cesar Chavez- spoke out for farm workers
  • United Farm Workers Organizing Committee-unionized association fighting for rights
  • La Raza Unida-Also known as Mexian-Americans United tried to get latino candidates to serve public office.
  • CounterCulture: a movement made up of mostly middle class whites college youths disillusioned by the war in Vietnam and injustices in America. Challenging traditional system and promoting “peace and love”
  • Bakke v. Regents of California at Davis: Affirmative Action placing quota on students admitted based on race is heard by supreme court saying that affirmative action is legal to encourage diversity but must not be the only factor for admissions.
  • Environmentalism
  • Three Mile Island: Reaction malfunctions causing people to evacuate
  • Rachel Carson writes “Silent Spring” about pesticides in foods
  • Nixon’s Presidency
  • Elected in 1968
  • Stagflation: high unemployment and high inflation
  • Realpolitik- political realism. Foreign policy based on power not morals
  • Détente- easing cold war tensions
  • OPEC- organization of petroleum exporting countries, controls oil prices
  • SALT I treaty- limiting ballistic missiles in USSR and USA\
  • New Federalism: giving more power to the states by having states and local governments more freedom and choice in how they spend their money.
  • Revenue sharing-states and local governments can spend their federal money however they see fit.
  • Southern Strategy: attract Southern Democratic voters that were loyal to George C. Wallace
  • Watergate Scandal
  • Presidents Men: group of advisors involved n Watergate and the election process
  • Committee to Reelect the President: committee that was involved in the burglary
  • Saturday Night Massacre: Nixon’s purging of workers who refused to cooperate
  • Ford and Carter Years
  • Ford Pardons Nixon
  • WIN: Whip Inflation Now
  • Jimmy Carter
  • National Energy Act: Taxes on gas guzzling cars and removing price controls on oil
  • Human rights: freedom of liverties
  • Yielding the Panama Canal
  • Camp David Accords: Peace between Israel and Egypt
  • Iran Hostage Scandal: Ayatolla Ruholla Khomeini and rebels take 58 Americans Hostage for 444 days.