Unit 2: Endocrine/Circulatory/Respiratory System
28.1 Levels of Organization
- The human body has five levels of organization.
______→ ______→ ______→ ______→ ______
28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis
- ______is the regulation and maintenance of the ______.
- Conditions within the body must remain within a ______.
______involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges that
support life; ex: ______
______help maintain homeostasis.
______gather data
______receives data, sends messages
______delivers messages to target organs, tissues
______respond to change
- Homeostasis is maintained by ______.
Feedback compares ______to ______.
Two types of feedback loops:
1) ______ feedback= ______change; ______common
ex: temperature & O2/CO2 regulation (↓)
2) ______feedback = ______change; ______common
ex - During childbirth, ______enhances (↑) labor contraction
- Torn vessel stimulates (↑) release of ______
- ______stimulate (↑) cell division
- Feedback loop = Blood temperature regulation
29.6 Endocrine System and Hormones
- The endocrine system produces ______that affect growth, development
and homeostasis.
- How does endocrine system work?
Works closely with ______
Nervous system ______
↓ sends signal to
______
↓ secretes
______
↓ travels through bloodstream to
______
↓
______
•______ are organs of the endocrine system
•Hormones are ______that influence cell’s activities.
produced by ______
travel through the ______
affects ______with matching receptors
- Endocrine glands secrete ______that act throughout the body.
There are many glands located throughout the body.
Types of Endocrine glands
- Negative Feedback of Blood Glucose
______(BGL) is regulated by
1) ______= ↓ BGL
2) ______= ↑ BGL
Both hormones are secreted by the ______
After MealAfter Exercise
______
↓ ↓
Pancreas releases ______Pancreas releases ______
↓ ↓
Insulin pushes ______Glucagon binds to ______
into ______↓
↓ Liver releases ______
______↓
↓ ______
Restores homeostasis↓
Restores homeostasis
30.2Respiration and Gas Exchange
- The respiratory system exchanges ______and ______.
- Functions of the respiratory system
picks up ______from inhaled air
expels ______and ______
where ______takes place
- Structures of the Respiratory System
- Pathway of Air
1)______(nose)
- ______warms and moistens air to prevent damage to lungs
- ______filter air and trap particles
2)______
- directs ______into respiratory tract and ______into digestive tract
3)______(voicebox)
-sound is produced when air is forced through ______
4)______(windpipe)
- located in the center of ______
- tube made of rings of ______
5)______
- trachea branches into left and right ______
- each bronchus branches off into smaller ______
6)______
- tiny ______at the end of bronchioles
- ______surround alveoli for ______(CO2/O2)
7)______
- right lung has _____ lobes; left lung has _____ lobes
- located inside ______(chest) cavity
- entire cavity is enclosed by the ______ = double membranes that secrete
______to reduced ______during breathing
- Gas exchange occurs in the ______of the lungs.
______and ______are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli.
oxygen diffuses from ______into ______
oxygen binds to ______in red blood cells
carbon dioxide diffuses from ______into ______
Breathing is regulated by the ______.
- Mechanisms of breathing
Breathing involves the ______and ______of the rib cage.
diaphragm = a layer muscle tissues beneath the lungs that ______or
______to help in breathing
- Respiratory diseases ______with gas exchange.
______is the leading cause of lung diseases.
Lung diseases reduce ______and ______absorption.
______destroys alveoli.
______constricts airways.
______produces sticky mucus.
30.3The Heart and Circulation
- The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.
- Functions of the Circulatory System
transporting ______, ______,______
collecting ______materials
maintaining body ______
- Circulatory system includes
- ______
- ______
- ______
- The heart is a ______that moves the blood through ______pathways.
The heart is made up of ______.
The heart has ______chambers:
2 ______: right & left atrium (______chambers)
2______: right & left ventricles (______chambers)
The heart is divided into two sides by the______
Right side = pumps ______blood to ______
Left side = pumps ______blood to ______
One-way ______separate chambers and prevent ______of blood.
______circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs.
______ circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body.
- Blood flow through the heart
(biggest veins)
______
______
(biggest artery)
30.4Blood Vessels and Transport
- The circulatory system ______materials throughout the body.
- ______, ______, and ______transport blood to all parts of
the body.
1) ______
carry blood ______from the heart.
blood under ______pressure
______, more muscular walls
Circulatory diseases affect mainly the ______and the ______.
artery walls become ______and ______
______blocks blood flow in arteries
2)______
carry blood ______to the heart
blood under ______pressure
______walls, larger diameter
______prevent backflow
______are enlarged veins that are raised abovethe skin.
______in the veins do not function properly causing blood to remain in the veins.
3)______
move blood between ______, ______, and ______.
______blood vessels
______take place
- ______ is a measure of the force of blood pushing against
artery walls.
______pressure: left ventricle ______
______pressure: left ventricle ______
High blood pressure can precede a ______or ______.
30.5 Blood
- Blood is a complex tissue that ______materials.
- Blood is composed mainly of ______, ______, and ______.
1)______
– approx. ______of blood volume
–Carries ______(amino acids, glucose) and ______
–______water
–Remainder consists of ______, ______, and other compounds
–Proteins assist in ______, maintaining ______and fighting
disease
______define blood types and Rh factors.
______blood group the most common
______can be negative or positive
blood types must be compatible for ______
2)______
make up ______of all blood cells
produced in ______
transport ______to cells and carry away ______
have ______and contain ______(binds with O2)
3) ______
approx ______along with platelets of blood volume
body’s ______against disease
some “______” pathogens by ______
some are ______(B-cells and T-cells) involved in______
response
4)______
cell fragments that aid in ______
Platelets help form ______that control bleeding.