Unit 2: Endocrine/Circulatory/Respiratory System

28.1 Levels of Organization

  • The human body has five levels of organization.

______→ ______→ ______→ ______→ ______

28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis

  • ______is the regulation and maintenance of the ______.
  • Conditions within the body must remain within a ______.

______involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges that

support life; ex: ______

______help maintain homeostasis.

______gather data

______receives data, sends messages

______delivers messages to target organs, tissues

______respond to change

  • Homeostasis is maintained by ______.

Feedback compares ______to ______.

Two types of feedback loops:

1) ______ feedback= ______change; ______common

ex: temperature & O2/CO2 regulation (↓)

2) ______feedback = ______change; ______common

ex - During childbirth, ______enhances (↑) labor contraction

- Torn vessel stimulates (↑) release of ______

- ______stimulate (↑) cell division

  • Feedback loop = Blood temperature regulation

29.6 Endocrine System and Hormones

  • The endocrine system produces ______that affect growth, development

and homeostasis.

  • How does endocrine system work?

Works closely with ______

Nervous system ______

↓ sends signal to

______

↓ secretes

______

↓ travels through bloodstream to

______

______

•______ are organs of the endocrine system

Hormones are ______that influence cell’s activities.

produced by ______

travel through the ______

affects ______with matching receptors

  • Endocrine glands secrete ______that act throughout the body.

There are many glands located throughout the body.

Types of Endocrine glands

  • Negative Feedback of Blood Glucose

______(BGL) is regulated by

1) ______= ↓ BGL

2) ______= ↑ BGL

Both hormones are secreted by the ______

After MealAfter Exercise

______

↓ ↓

Pancreas releases ______Pancreas releases ______

↓ ↓

Insulin pushes ______Glucagon binds to ______

into ______↓

↓ Liver releases ______

______↓

↓ ______

Restores homeostasis↓

Restores homeostasis

30.2Respiration and Gas Exchange

  • The respiratory system exchanges ______and ______.
  • Functions of the respiratory system

picks up ______from inhaled air

expels ______and ______

where ______takes place

  • Structures of the Respiratory System

  • Pathway of Air

1)______(nose)

- ______warms and moistens air to prevent damage to lungs

- ______filter air and trap particles

2)______

- directs ______into respiratory tract and ______into digestive tract

3)______(voicebox)

-sound is produced when air is forced through ______

4)______(windpipe)

- located in the center of ______

- tube made of rings of ______

5)______

- trachea branches into left and right ______

- each bronchus branches off into smaller ______

6)______

- tiny ______at the end of bronchioles

- ______surround alveoli for ______(CO2/O2)

7)______

- right lung has _____ lobes; left lung has _____ lobes

- located inside ______(chest) cavity

- entire cavity is enclosed by the ______ = double membranes that secrete

______to reduced ______during breathing

  • Gas exchange occurs in the ______of the lungs.

______and ______are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli.

oxygen diffuses from ______into ______

oxygen binds to ______in red blood cells

carbon dioxide diffuses from ______into ______

Breathing is regulated by the ______.

  • Mechanisms of breathing

Breathing involves the ______and ______of the rib cage.

diaphragm = a layer muscle tissues beneath the lungs that ______or

______to help in breathing

  • Respiratory diseases ______with gas exchange.

______is the leading cause of lung diseases.

Lung diseases reduce ______and ______absorption.

______destroys alveoli.

______constricts airways.

______produces sticky mucus.

30.3The Heart and Circulation

  • The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.
  • Functions of the Circulatory System

transporting ______, ______,______

collecting ______materials

maintaining body ______

  • Circulatory system includes

- ______

- ______

- ______

  • The heart is a ______that moves the blood through ______pathways.

The heart is made up of ______.

The heart has ______chambers:

2 ______: right & left atrium (______chambers)

2______: right & left ventricles (______chambers)

The heart is divided into two sides by the______

Right side = pumps ______blood to ______

Left side = pumps ______blood to ______

One-way ______separate chambers and prevent ______of blood.

______circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs.

______ circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body.

  • Blood flow through the heart

(biggest veins)

 ______

 ______

 (biggest artery)

30.4Blood Vessels and Transport

  • The circulatory system ______materials throughout the body.
  • ______, ______, and ______transport blood to all parts of

the body.

1) ______

carry blood ______from the heart.

blood under ______pressure

______, more muscular walls

Circulatory diseases affect mainly the ______and the ______.

artery walls become ______and ______

______blocks blood flow in arteries

2)______

carry blood ______to the heart

blood under ______pressure

______walls, larger diameter

______prevent backflow

______are enlarged veins that are raised abovethe skin.

______in the veins do not function properly causing blood to remain in the veins.

3)______

move blood between ______, ______, and ______.

______blood vessels

______take place

  • ______ is a measure of the force of blood pushing against

artery walls.

______pressure: left ventricle ______

______pressure: left ventricle ______

High blood pressure can precede a ______or ______.

30.5 Blood

  • Blood is a complex tissue that ______materials.
  • Blood is composed mainly of ______, ______, and ______.

1)______

– approx. ______of blood volume

–Carries ______(amino acids, glucose) and ______

–______water

–Remainder consists of ______, ______, and other compounds

–Proteins assist in ______, maintaining ______and fighting

disease

______define blood types and Rh factors.

______blood group the most common

______can be negative or positive

blood types must be compatible for ______

2)______

make up ______of all blood cells

produced in ______

transport ______to cells and carry away ______

have ______and contain ______(binds with O2)

3) ______

approx ______along with platelets of blood volume

body’s ______against disease

some “______” pathogens by ______

some are ______(B-cells and T-cells) involved in______

response

4)______

cell fragments that aid in ______

Platelets help form ______that control bleeding.