Best Practice in Postgraduate Supervision – Literature and Current College Guidelines - a Discussion Document
Dr. David Delany, CAPSL
on behalf of the Trinity Postgraduate Supervision Research Group
Introduction and Purpose
Following a literature review designed to illuminate the major issues influencing effective PhD supervision, it was agreed that a useful starting point for relating this literature to current practice in TCD would be to map the current TCD postgraduate supervisor guidelines onto issues identified in the literature. This document reviews the TCD good practice guidelines for postgraduate supervision in the context of the research literature on postgraduate supervision with two key goals in mind:
(i) to identify whether the current college guidelines are a comprehensive summary of good practice based on evidence within the rapidly extending literature base on postgraduate supervision.
(ii) to create the starting point for the working group to collaboratively develop a supervisor-supervisee survey instrument that could be used internally (or more widely) to explore supervision as enacted in practice.
This document comprises a summary comparison of the good practice guidelines and the current literature base. In-text citations are used to compactly indicate literature support for key elements of the good practice guidelines (although, were useful these reference points are elaborated).
This is followed by a table of key concepts, as bullet points, derived from the literature review on effective supervision that are addressed (or not) within the TCD guidelines. Further columns and rows in the Table are presented as blank spaces to encourage comments and questions .
TCD Postgraduate supervision guidelines
The Trinity College Dublin’s postgraduate supervision guidelines (Parnell and Prendergast, 2006) constitute the culmination of TCD’s research supervision best practice recommendations for academic staff and students. Originally written by Prof. John Parnell in 1998, the guidelines have undergone at least two subsequent revisions (in 2005 and 2006) under the deanery of Prof. Patrick Prendergast.
Within the guidelines the relationship of the supervisor to the student is considered under four headings:
Supervision of research
Student training and development
Monitoring student welfare
Supervisory competence
These sections are prefaced by a general introductory section in which the supervisor-supervisee relationship is defined as ideally a mentoring or apprenticeship relationship between partners (Hasrati, 2005; Down et al., 2000; Elton and Pope, 1989). Although the importance of establishing a trusting, secure relationship is emphasised (Green, 2005), potential problems with the mentoring model, such as the masking of the power relationship between student and supervisor (Manathunga, 2007), are not addressed. However, the impact of the perception that students commonly have of themselves as being on the power-receiving end of the supervisor-student relationship is explicitly addressed in the guideline’s final section (Dinham and Scott, 1999).
The broad categories of patronage that the supervisor is expected to provide (e.g. consultation, advice, and resources such as material, equipment, etc) are also touched upon, along with indications as to desirable characteristics of such support as accessibility, regularity, and timeliness (Manathunga, 2005).
Although the role of the supervisor as ‘gatekeeper’ of academic standards is mentioned (Manathunga, 2007), the guidelines emphasis that the student is ultimately responsible for their own work (Connell, 1985).
(i) Supervision of research
In this section aspects of the role of the supervisor as a competent academic guide are explored (Haksever and Manisali, 2000; Edwards, 2002). These duties are considered to include guiding research topic choice, matching student abilities/experience to project (Hockey, 1994), determining the feasibility of project with available time and resources, and helping to devise a plausible research plan. An important aspect of this process is helping the student to flexibly (avoid unprofitable/pursue lucrative) side-tracks and avert premature canalization of the research question (Haksever and Manisali, 2000). Constructive and prompt commentary on oral and written work (Torrance et al., 1994), and the use of progress reports (Gurr, 2001), and formal assessment procedures (Li and Seale, 2007) are also flagged as important processes for monitoring of student progress.
(ii) Student training and development
As depicted in the guidelines, effective student training and development constitutes a balancing act between three main factors: basic regulatory competence in the workplace (i.e. compliance with the relevant regulations, laws and ordinances), academic presentation (Kamler and Thomson, 2004) and teaching skills, and depth of scholarship (which includes the ability to create well-designed experiments) (Cryer, 1997, Chenevix-Trench, 2006).
(iii) Monitoring student welfare
The guidelines assert that the supervisor’s responsibility for student welfare starts with ensuring clear communications with the student (Edwards, 2002, Manathunga, 2005). This is facilitated by ensuring that students are aware of their rights. Abdelhafez (2007), for example, found a positive correlation between student completion probabilities and knowledge of their college’s code of supervisory practice.
Supervisors are also advised to be wary of assuming responsibility for student problems that are beyond their personal limitations and are urged to become familiar with the various institutional support structures available to students, such as student counselling services, etc (Manathunga, 2005; Conrad, 2003; Elton and Pope, 1989).
Missing from the guidelines is a pragmatic emphasis on the relative importance of awareness of the various factors influencing PhD completion (Manathunga, 2005; Ehrenberg et al., 2007; Gurr, 2001; Lovitts and Nelson, 2000; Seagram et al., 1998).
(iv) Supervisory competence
The supervisory competence section addresses the importance of basic management aspects of supervision such as time management (Woodward, 1993) and project management skills, such as budgeting sufficient time for students and milestones (Yeatman, 1995), establishing clear lines of responsibility (Abdelhafez, 2007), and managing student over-reliance/dependence (Kam, 1997). The fundamental importance of basic academic competence to effective supervision is also mentioned (Ferman, 2002). The final piece of advice reiterates the central role of communication skills to managing the supervision process (Kam, 1997).
Other issues
Perhaps surprisingly, despite the emphasis within the guidelines on helping students develop ‘competent autonomy’ (Gurr, 2001) the influence of the supervisor’s characteristics on the quality of the supervisory relationship (Cullen et al., 1994) are not touched upon. The level of systematic reflective upskilling of supervisor skills (Manathunga, 2005; Pearson and Kayrooz, 2004; Emilsson and Johnsson, 2007) is one such issue. This omission is especially surprising given the opportunities for continuing professional development for research supervisors within TCD e.g. CAPSL’s research supervisors workshop. The issue of supervision of supervisors is also unaddressed (Emilsson and Johnsson, 2007).
There is also a lack of emphasis on the relative empirical likelihood/importance of the various supervisory issues. For example, Seagram et al., (1998) report that 30% of the variance in time to completion is accounted for by four factors: beginning the dissertation research early in the program, remaining with the original topic and supervisor, meeting frequently with supervisor, and collaborating with the supervisor on conference papers. Furthermore, no mention is made of discipline-specific aspects of postgraduate supervision, such as the notable differences in PhD completion rates between the humanities and sciences (Seagram et al., 1998; Wright and Byrne, 2000; Ehrenberg et al., 2007).
Table Mapping Key Concepts of Effective Supervision Practice from the Literature to the TCD Guidelines (presence + and absence -) .
PREREQUISITES / + Relevant expertise (academic competence) (Phillips and Pugh, 2000)- PhD (Edwards, 2002)
RELATIONSHIP / + Mentorship/apprentice (Hasrati, 2005; Down et al., 2000; Elton and Pope, 1989)
+ Secure, trusting (Green, 2005; Fraser and Mathews, 1999)
- Potential problems with mentoring model
e.g masking of power relationship (Manathunga, 2007)
ASSISTANCE / - Consultation, advice, resources e.g. material, equipment, etc (Edwards, 2002)
- Supervisor accessibility, regularity of meetings, speed of feedback (Woodward, 1993)
SUPERVISION
of RESEARCH / + Guiding research topic choice (Cryer, 1997)
+ Feasibility of project with available
+ Drawing up research plan
+ Matching student abilities/experience to project (Hockey, 1994)
+ Guiding progress of research [side-tracking, canalisation] (Haksever and Manisali, 2000)
+ Provision of resources
Monitoring student progress:
+ Commenting on oral & written work constructively & promptly (Torrance et al., 1994)
+ Progress reports, formal assessment procedures, safety concerns (Li and Seale, 2007)
STUDENT TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT / + Training process: thesis (training, presentation, depth of scholarship) (Cryer, 1997)
STUDENT WELFARE
DUTIES / + Clear communications (Edwards, 2002, Manathunga, 2005)
+ Inform students of rights (Abdelhafez, 2007)
+ Know institutional support structures (Manathunga, 2005; Conrad, 2003; Elton and Pope, 1989)
- Pragmatic awareness of factors influencing PhD completion (Manathunga, 2005; Ehrenberg et al., 2007; Lovitts and Nelson, 2000; Seagram et al., 1998; D'Andrea, 2002)
SUPERVISORY
COMPETENCE / + Time management (Woodward, 1993)
+ Academic competence (Ferman, 2002)
+ Project management - clear timetable & milestones (Yeatman, 1995)
+ Clear lines of responsibility (Abdelhafez, 2007)
+ Handling student over-reliance/dependence (Kam, 1997; Scevak et al., 2007)
- Supervisor characteristics (Cullen et al., 1994)
- Reflexive upskilling of supervisory skills (Manathunga, 2005; Pearson and Kayrooz, 2004)
- Disipline differences (Seagram et al., 1998; Wright and Byrne, 2000)
SUPERVISORY SUPERVISION / - Supervision of supervisors (Emilsson and Johnsson, 2007)
References
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