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/ / BERKELEY, CA —The team of Berkeley Lab scientists that announced two years ago the observation of what appeared to be Element 118 -- heaviest undiscovered transuranic element at the time -- has retracted its original paper after several confirmation experiments failed to reproduce the results.
A technical committee of experts from the Laboratory’s physics, supercomputing, and nuclear science divisions is reviewing the data and methodology from that 1999 result. Subsequent re-analyses of the original data with different software codes have been unsuccessful in observing atomic decay patterns, or chains, which would confirm the existence of element 118.
In a brief statement submitted to Physical Review Letters, the same publication in which the original results were announced, the research team stated: "In 1999, we reported the synthesis of element 118 in the (lead-krypton) reaction based upon the observation of three decay chains, each consisting of an implanted heavy atom and six sequential high-energy alpha decays, correlated in time and position. Prompted by the absence of similar decay chains in subsequent experiments, we (along with independent experts) re-analyzed the primary data files from our 1999 experiments. Based on these re-analyses, we conclude that the three reported chains are not in the 1999 data. We retract our published claim for the synthesis of element 118."
"Science is self-correcting," Berkeley Lab Director Charles Shank said. "If you get the facts wrong, your experiment is not reproducible. In this case, not only did subsequent experiments fail to reproduce the data, but also a much more thorough analysis of the 1999 data failed to confirm the events. There are many lessons here, and the lab will extract all the value it can from this event."
The original experiment and two confirmation runs were performed at the Laboratory’s 88-inch cyclotron, utilizing a newly installed device called the Berkeley Gas-Filled Separator (BGS). In the experiment, targets of lead were bombarded with an intense beam of high-energy krypton ions. The detected sequence of decay events for elements 118 and 116, if observed, would be consistent with theories that have suggested an "island of stability" for nuclei.
In addition to the confirmation tests at Berkeley, scientists at the GSI laboratory in Germany and the RIKEN lab in Japan were unable to duplicate the original reported results.
Shank said that, in retracting the paper, the experimenters are taking responsibility to clear the record. "The path forward is to learn from the mistakes and to strengthen the resolve to find the answers that nature still hides from us," he added.

The topic of this paper is to be “Technology and the Effect on Society.” There are two parts to this paper. One is the technological advancement of a particular device or process and the other part should deal with how these changes have affected society as a whole. You are going to try to prove to me, your audience, that this technology has made our society better or worse. This paper should NOT just be a list of referenced facts, but should be an equal mix of your ideas supported by facts.

There is no length requirement except that you must completely discuss your topic. You must include a minimum of three references and one interview (the person can not be from SomersetCounty and can not be a relative) of somebody who is an expert in that field. Papers will be due the day before Christmas break and there will be NO EXCEPTIONS. The paper is worth a maximum of 100 points.

Spelling, grammar, and punctuation count (to the best of MY ability). The paper must be typed.

100 points:

20 points – technology  Explain your technology completely; this is not a book report! If you are writing your paper and ask yourself, “I wonder how that works”, then you have not done enough research.

20 points – society  Provide quantitative as well as qualitative evidence to support your view for how this technology has affected society. PROVIDE EVIDENCE!!!

20 points – your opinions supported by evidence. Don't just list fact after fact. Does the paper sound like you? Do you understand what you are writing about?

20 points – grammar, spelling, punctuation, proofreading…/number of sources/interview (-10 for each that you are short)

20 points – my impression of your paper

Citing Your Sources:

Your sources should be cited in the order in which they appear in your paper. If any of the information is absent, it may be omitted.

Book:

Last Name, First Initial. Book Title; Publisher: City, Date; Page(s)

Periodical:

Last Name, First Initial. Magazine Title. Year, Volume, Page(s)

Interview:

Last Name, First. Job Title, Company. <email address>. Date. "Interview"

Web Page:

Last Name, First. Name of page. <address> Date visited.

Step One: Setting up an account

Like you did with the main school account, students must create a username using their email address and create a password containing letters and at least one number.

  • Students must login to Turnitin.com
  • Select the “New Users” tab
  • Students should select the “Student” tab
  • Students must enter the CLASS ID and the PASSWORD that YOU created for your class to log on
  • Students must input their personal information, password, and agree to the terms and conditions to finish setting up their account. All students have the ability to log on to turnitin.com now. They may log in right from the main page. Students only have access to those classes for which they were given ID numbers and passwords.

Step Two: Submitting a paper for a class

  • Students should click on the appropriate class button
  • Students will see the assignment name
  • Students will select the “Submit” button
  • Students will name their paper
  • Students will hit “Browse” to upload file
  • Students will be able to see their work on the screen before they make the decision to submit.
  • Students should select “Submit” to upload and submit the paper
  • Students will not have the chance to resubmit papers unless the teacher has that set up for the assignment.

Step 3: Confirming proper submission

  • Students will be able to see a copy of their paper on turnitin.com after they have submitted it. They simply have to click on the assignment.
  • Students will be able to see the percentage of plagiarism found on a scale beside the assignment.

NOTE: Students who try to resubmit a paper, perhaps after seeing the percentage of lifted material, will be warned that they are unable to do so. The teacher has full authority when making an assignment to either allow resubmissions or not.

H CH 2 Review:

Problems:

1. 110 grams of gold are to be melted down for use in making jewelry. How much heat would be require to melt this gold if the initial temperature of the gold is 30 C? The heat of fusion of gold is 15.3 cal/g.

2. Steam from a boiling pot begins to condense on the side of a glass of water sitting near the stove. If a total of 3 g of water condenses and then the resulting liquid water droplets reach thermal equilibrium with the glass which is at 50 F, how much energy was lost by the steam?

3. Fat contains 9 food calories (9000 cal) per gram. If I wanted to burn 1 lb of fat, how many 25g ice cubes must I eat to do this? Assume the ice is initially at –2 C and you will be providing enough energy to raise the temperature of the water to 98.6 F. Cpice = .5 cal/g C

4. How much energy is required to melt enough lead at 25 C to make a dozen 50 caliber (1/2” diameter) musket balls. Hfuslead = 5.9 cal/g

Review:

1. What are the steps in the scientific method?

2. What is the difference between a chemical and physical change? Give an example of each.

3. Classify each of the following as a chemical or physical change:

Burning charcoalboiling water

sharpening a pencildissolving salt in water

4. In reference to the periodic table, what are groups? Periods?

5. What are the 3 general classes of elements?

6. What is a physical property? Give an example.

7. List the three observations that a chemical reaction has taken place.

8. What is the difference between an observation and a hypothesis?

9. List 2 categories into which all matter can be classified.

10. What is the difference between an element and a compound?

11. Identify each of the following as elements or compounds:

aluminumsugar

oxygencopper

watersalt

12. Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture:

motor oilfreshly squeezed lemonade

clam chowderchex mix

13. Name two physical properties that could be used to separate the following materials:

sand and salt

copper and silver

cork and lead

water and motor oil

14. Classify each of the following as mixtures or pure substances:

orange juicesalt

sugargunpowder

15. Give the temporary IUPAC name and symbol for the following elements:

134119

16. As a material freezes, it

A) decreases in temperature and transfers heat to the environment

B) increases in temperature and absorbs heat from the environment

C) remains at the same temperature and transfers heat to the environment

D) remains at the same temperature and absorbs heat from the environment

E) none of the above

17.

18.

/20

H Lab – Phase Change of Water

  1. Mass an empty 150 mL beaker.
  1. Fill your beaker about half way with ice and mass again.
  1. Add about 50 mL of water and mass.
  1. Take the initial temperature of the ice water mixture.
  1. Place the beaker on the hot plate.
  1. Place the plastic thermometer holder on the edge of the beaker. Insert the thermometer into the holder and make sure that the bulb of the thermometer is between the bottom of the beaker and the water line.
  1. Turn the hotplate on medium (5,6,7) and begin to stir the mixture. Record temperature of the mixture every 20 seconds. Continue to stir as long as there is ice.
  1. NOTE THE POINT AT WHICH THE LAST PIECE OF ICE MELTS AND THE POINT AT WHICH THE WATER BOILS. Continue to record the temperature every 20 seconds.
  1. Once the water begins to boil, continue to record the temperature for an additional 3 minutes at 20 second intervals.

Calculations:

  1. Make a graph of time versus temperature. Make sure to use an X-Y scatter but use the subtype graph found at the bottom of the first column. (8 pts)

2. Label the areas on the graph that show the heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization. Also circle the point where the last piece of ice melted and the point where the water began to boil.

  1. How much energy was required to melt the ice? (4 pts)
  1. How much energy was required to increase the temperature of the water and melted ice to the boiling point? (Remember the additional 50 mL of water.)

(4 pts)

  1. How much energy would be required to completely evaporate all of the water at your boiling point?

(4 pts)

Hfuswater = 79.7 cal/g Hvapwater = 539 cal/g Cpwater = 1.00 cal/g C

/30

H LAB: The Composition of Matter

PART I: Separating a Mixture

Obtain a mixture from the back of the room which contains salt, sand, and iron filings.

Q1. What type of mixture do you have? Explain.

  1. The mixture consists of three parts you need to separate. The first separation will involve removing the iron filings with a magnet. Please return the filing to the beaker once they have been separated.

Q2. What do you observe when you separate the mixture? Include any evidence of a chemical reaction.

  1. The second step will be to separate the sand. The set up for this separation should look like Figure 1. Add about 50 ml of water to the plastic beaker.

Figure 1

Fold the filter paper as shown in Figure 2:

Figure 2

Q3. What type of mixture do you have before the second separation? Explain.

Q4. What do you observe when you separate the mixture? Include any evidence of a chemical reaction.

The last separation will involve taking the salt out of solution.

  1. Place the glass beaker on the hot plate and set the dial on high. When almost all of the water is gone, remove it from the hot plate. The mixture should be making a “crackling” sound.

Q5. What type of mixture did you have before the last separation? Explain.

Q6. What do you observe when you separate the mixture? Include any evidence of a chemical reaction.

Q7. Did any chemical reactions take place during these separations? Explain.

PART II: Separating a Compound

Hydrogen Peroxide is a compound consisting of the elements hydrogen and oxygen, H2O2. These elements are combined chemically in the compound. You will now try to separate the compound using the catalyst manganese (IV) oxide. The reaction is:

MnO2

H2O2 (l)  O2 (  ) + H2O (l)

  1. Place approximately .50 g of manganese (IV) oxide in a CLEAN test tube. Also, pour between 5 mL and 10 mL of hydrogen peroxide in a different CLEAN test tube.
  1. Place a GLOWING splint just inside the mouth of each of the test tubes.

Q8. What did you observe when you placed the splint inside the mouth of the test tube containing manganese (IV) oxide?

Q9. What did you observe when you placed the splint inside the mouth of the test tube containing hydrogen peroxide.

Q10. Hydrogen peroxide is an example of what classification of matter? Be specific.

  1. Get a glowing splint. Pour the hydrogen peroxide into the test tube containing manganese (IV) oxide and place the glowing splint just inside the mouth of the test tube containing the mixture and quickly remove it.

Q11. What do you observe?

Q12. What substance must now be present that was not before? Explain.

Q13. In addition to manganese (IV) oxide, what other substance is now present in the bottom of the tube? Explain.

Q14. What kind of change has taken place in the test tube? Explain.

Q15. A glowing splint burst into flame when inserted into a bottle of oxygen. Since air also contains oxygen, why doesn’t a splint burst into flames in air?

1