The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Who followed the policy of Golden Mean?

a. Matternichb.Mazzini

c.Louis Philipped.Duke of Orleans

2.Napoleonic Code was introduced in the year of

a.1809b.1807

b.1805d.1804

3.What was Helairia Philike ?

a. A Secret Societyb.A Political Party

c.A custom Uniond.An Allegori

4.Who founded the revolutionary militia ‘Red Shirt’?

a.Wilsonb.Tsar Alexander II

c.Garibaldid.Matternich

5.Who was Frederick Sorrieu?

a.A Revolutionaryb.Chancellor of Austria

c.King of Framed.French Artist

6.Vienna Congress was convened in 1815 for what purpose?

a.To declare completionof German Unification.

b.To restore conservative regime in Europe.

c.To declare war against France.

d.To start the process of Italian unification.

7.Which year was known as the year of dear bread?

a.1830b.1848

c.1789d.1815

8.Name the state which led the process of Italian unification?

a.Romeb.Prussia

c.Sardinia Piedmontd.Vienna

9.Who said Cavour,Mazzini,Garibaldi:three her brain, hersoul, her sword ?

a.Victor Emmannualb.George Meredith

c.Louis XVIIId.Guizot

10.Zollverein was a

a.Diplomatic institutionb.Custom union

c.Administrative uniond.Trade union

11.Who followed the policy of Blood and Iron for national unification?

a.Garibaldib.Otto Von Bismark

c.Mazzinid.Matternich

12.United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in the year -

a.1789b.1798

c.1707d.1801

13.Who said that,Italy was merely a geographical expression?

a.Cavourb.Napoleon

c.Matternichd.Guizot

14.Which one was not included in the Balkan Region?

a.Croatiab.Bosnia Harzegovina

c.Serbiad.Spain

15.In which century nationalism emerged in Europe

a. 16th centuryb. 20th century

c.19th centuryd.17th century

16.Who was the king of France at the time of French Revolution?

a. Marie Antoniateb. Louis XVI

c. Czar Nicolasd. Edward II

ANSWERS

1.c

2.d

3.a

4.c

5. d

6.b

7.b

8.c

9.b

10.b

11.b

12.c

13.c

14. d

15. c

16. b

17.Explain any three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.

Answer -The three features of the class of landed aristocracy in Europe.

1.During the mid 18th century, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe both politically and socially.

2.They owned huge properties, big estates both in the rural and urban areas.

3.Their families were tied together by matrimonial relation and they wielded much power in their respective countries.

18.What were the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany?

Answer -Following were the dissimilarities between the processes of unification of Italy and Germany.

i.Piedmont was main state in unification of Italy but it was a weak state. But Prussia which was leading the German unification was a powerful state.

ii.Most of the Italian states were under great influence of Austria but Austria was only the head of German confederation of states.

iii.Bismark always favoured the use of force in the unification of Germany but Cavour hardly believed in use of force in unification of Ital

19.Who was Garibaldi? What were his main achievements?

Answer-

i.Garibaldi was one of the great revolutionaries of Italy. He was born in 1807 and his parents wanted to make him a priest but he had no interest in this profession.

ii.He was a brave and courageous person who favoured the use of force for unification of Italy.

iii.He started “Young Italy” movement with Mazzini.

iv.He organized a force called ‘White Shirts’ which defeated Austrian forces to liberate Naples and Sicily. It was later joined by Sardinia. In this way Garibaldi played a great role in the unification of Italy.

20.What role did language play in developing nationalist sentiment?

Answer-

i.Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.

ii.In 1813 an armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place whish was ultimately crushed. Following this many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.

iii.The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

21.What is meant by‘Imperialism’? Give two features of imperialism.

Answer-The term “Imperialism” means the practice extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and economic life of area outside its own borders.

The following are the two main features of “Imperialism”

i.The first essential feature of imperialism is exploration of economic resources of the occupied areas for the benefit of the imperial country.

ii.The imperial power subordinates the interests of the colonies and establishes its monopoly over the trade of its colonies.

22.Study the given passage and answer the questions that follow.

‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice and devotion,a heroic past, greatmen, glory that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea., to have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A nation is therefore a large scale solidarity….. . Its existence is a daily plebiscite…… . A province is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitants. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding onto a country against its will. The existence of a nation is a good thing, a necessary evil. Their existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master.’

1.1From whose speech have these words been quoted?

1.2Explain the meaning of plebiscite.

1.3Examine the concept of nation as given in the above passage.

Answer-These words have taken from speech of Ernst Renan a great French Philosopher (1823 -1992.

Plebiscite means a direct vote by which all the people of a people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

1.4A nation is the culmination or a long past of endevours, sacrifice and devotion. It involves having common glories in the past, common will in the present performing great deeds together and wishing to perform still more

Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in early 18th century.

Answer-Liberalism meant different things to different people. In the political sphere, liberalism stood for:

i.equality before the law.

ii.Revolutionary French marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy in which right to vote and get elected was granted exclusive to property-owning men.

iii.Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights.

In the economic sphere liberalism stood for:

i.Freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

ii.Customs union or ‘Zollarein’ was formed in Russia, joined by the German states.

iii.The union abolished tariff barriers.Reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.

Define nation? What were the significant aspects of the nation-state in the early 19thcentury?

Answer -According to Bryce, A nation is a nationality which has organized itself into a political body either independence or desiring to be independent. Thus a nation is a community which considers itself one and is held together by many ties. Following were the significant aspects of the nation-states in the early 19th century.

i.Each nation wanted to have its own independent state. That is why it was called a nation state.

ii.The nations-states held the people together on the basis of common territory, common language, common culture and economic independence.

iii.In some nation – state, the constitutional governments based on written or unwritten constitutions were established.

iv.The establishment of nation – states replaced the previous boundaries by new scientific system of boundaries.

25.Which factors led to rise of nationalism in Europe after 1830’s?

Answer-Following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism.

i.Feudalism was one of the greatest obstacle in the way of nationalism. But various Feudal lords died in mutual wars and crusades also led to their fall. This led the way for decline of feudalism and rising of nationalism.

ii.In medieval period church was very powerful and had a great power all over the world. But people were awakened by the movements like renaissance and reformation. It led to decline in the authority and power of pope. This led to establishment of national church in many countries. Weakness of papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.

iii.Many wars have also arose sentiments of nationalism among the people.

iv.Foreign Rules: Foreign Rulers generally liked to suppress the subject nation which played an important part in the growth of nationalism.

v.Reaction against injustice and arbitrary rule of injust monarchs also gave birth to the feeling of nationalism.

vi.Contribution of great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and philosophers like Machiavelli, Mills, Mazzini, Garibaldi went a long way in rousing political consciousness and national spirit among the people

26.Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans?

Answer -The states between the Black sea and Adriatic Sea like the Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina etc. are known as the Balkans states. For a long time these states were a bone of contention between various European powers and Turkey. Following were the main causes for immergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans.

i.The nationality of the people states were however Christians. The Muslims who were the ruling class oppressed them in many ways.

ii.By the beginning of the 19th century, the Turkish Empire became very weak. This encouraged the Balkan people who were mostly Christians.

iii.The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars inspired the feelings of nationalism among them and they clamoured for independence.

iv.At the same time there was a clash of interests among the big powers in the Balkans. This also contributed to the emergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans.

What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among theFrench people?

Answer -Following steps were taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the french people.

i.First, ideas of Fatherland (La Patric) and the Citizen (La Citizen) laid emphasis on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

ii.A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former French monarch.

iii.An elected body of active citizens known as the National Assembly, was formed to manage the state affairs.

iv.New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated all in the name of the nation.

v.A centralized system was set up to formulate uniform laws for all citizens within the French territory.

vi.All custom duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures were adopted.

Regional dialects were discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of the nation.

The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1) Indo-China is comprised of------

(a) Vietnam, Laos and Combodia

(b) Vietnam, Siam and Combodia

(d) India, China and Japan

(2) The idea of civilizing mission was to------

(a) Bring modern civilization to the Vietnam

(b) Destroy local cultures, religions and traditions

(d) All the above

(3) Who wrote the book 'The History of the Loss of Vietnam'?

(a) Phan Boi Chau (b) Phan Chu Trinh

(4) Who was given the name the 'Mad Bonze' by the French?

(a) Phan Boi Chau (b) Nguyen Anh

(5) Hoa-Hao was a ------

(a) Leader (b) Place (c) Movement (d) None of these

(6) Vietnam was deeply influenced by the------

(a)Chinese cultures (b) French cultures

(7) Who was the founder of the Vetnamese communist party?

(a) Bao Dai (b) Phan Boi Chau (c) Sun Yat Sen (d) Ho Chi Minh

(8) Which provinces of Vietnam were called 'The Electrical Fuses of Vietnam'?

(a) Nghe and Ha Tinh(b) Mekong and Ha Tien (c) Ngu An and Ha Tien

(d) None of these.

(9) Who laid the coup in South Vietnam?

(a) Ngo Dinh Dien (b) Ho Chi Minh (c) Bao Dai (d) Sun Yat Sen

(10) Vietnam was divided by ______

(a) The Geneva Peace Negotiation (b) Paris Peace Negotiation

(11) Who were Identured Labourers?

(a) Bonded Labourers(b) Independent Labourers

(12) Who was Paul Bernard?

(a) A writer and policy maker (b) A philosopher (c) A politician (d) An Artist

(13) Confucious was a ___

(a) Philosopher (b) Leader (c) Military Commander(d) Writer

(14) Dien Bien Phu was______

(a) A Fort where the Vietminh defeated the French troops

(b) A port city captured by the French

(d) None of these.

(15) Why the USA did not want the Unification of Vietnam?

(a) The USA was worried about Communists gaining power.

(b) The US wanted to establish its colony.

(d) All the above

(16) North and South Vietnam unified as one country in

(a) 1975

(b) 1974

(d) 1956

ANSWERS

(1) a ,(2) d, (3) a, (4) c, (5) c, (6) a, (7) d, (8) a,(9) a,(10) a,(11) c,(12) a,(13) a,(14) a, (15)a, (16) a.

SOURCE BASED QUESTION

Read the extract and answer the questions that follow:

In Japan, Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh spent time together, discussing their visions of Vietnamese independence, and debating their differences. This is what Phan Boi Chau later wrote about their discussions: ‘Thereafter over more than ten days, he and I debated time and again, and our opinions were diametrically opposed. That is to say, he wished

to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; I, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after our nation’s independence was restored we could talk about other things. My plan was to make use of the monarchy, which he opposed absolutely. His plan was to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy, with which I absolutely disagreed. In other words, he and I were pursuing one and the same goal, but our means were considerably different.’

(Source: A NCERT pg 41)

(1) Who were Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh?

(2) What did they want?

(3) How were their ideas different from each other?

Answers:

Ans (1) Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh were the nationlist leaders of Vietnam.

Ans (2) They wanted to overthrow foreign domination from Vietnam.

Ans (3) Phan Boi Chau wanted to make use of monarchy to resist the French. He was in favour of Constitutional Monarchy.

Phan Chu Trinh was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the Royal Court. His desire was to establish a Democratic Republic.

PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS

Observe the given image and the questions that follow:

(a) Whose Image is this?

(b) What do you know about her?

Answer:

(a) This is the image of Trieu Au.

(b) She was a brave Vietnamese woman. She lived in the third century CE.On growing she left her home and went into the jungles. She organised a large army and resisted Chinese rule. Finally when her army was defeated, crushed, she drowned herself. She became a sacred figure not just a Martyr who fought for the honour of the country. Nationalists popularised her image to inspire people to action.

QUESTION ANSWERS

Q.1.What were the causes for the defeat of the French forces in the Battle of Dien Bien

Phu?

Ans: The French Commander Navarre faced the following problems in this battle-

(i) The valley where French garrisons were located flooded in the monsoon.

(ii) The area was covered with bushes making it difficult for the troops and tanks to

move or trace the Vietminh anti-aircraft guns hidden in the jungle.

(iii) Supplies and reinforcements could not reach the French garrison.

(iv) From their base in the hills the Vietminh surrounded the French garrisons in the

valley below, digging trenches and tunnels to move without being detected.

Q.2.When did the Scholars Revolt occur? Why did it happen? What were the results?

Ans: The Scholars Revolt occured in 1868.This revolt was led by officials at the

Imperial Court.

These officials were angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power in

Vietnam.

In Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed by the Vietnamese. The French crushed the movement , but this uprising was in no way less important. It inspired other patriots to rise up against the colonial power.

Q.3.Explain any four steps taken by the French to exploit the natural resources of

Vietnam.

Ans: (i) They led emphasis on the production of rice and rubber.

(ii) They built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.

The vast system of irrigation works-- canal and earth works--- built with forced

labourers.

(iii)They started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move

military garrisons and control the entire region.

(iv) Construction of a Trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern

and southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun.

Q.4.Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin free school. To what extent it was example of

colonial ideas in Vietnam? Ans. (i) The Tonkin free school was set-up in 1907to provide a western style education.

(ii) This education included classes in science, hygiene and French.

(iii) The school emphasised that it was not enough only to learn science and western ideas. They also had to look modern. It encouraged the adoption of western style such as having a short hair cut

Q.5.What were the differences of opinion between the two groups in Vietnam regarding

the introduction of French Education System?