Name:______Per._____
AP European History Practice Final
PLEASE WRITE THE LETTER OF THE ANSWER IN THE COLUMN NEXT TO EACH QUESTION. That way, you can use this text again should you want to re-take it before the AP Exam on May 7.
1. The Great Schism resulted in all of the following consequences except
[A] a decline in the prestige of and respect for church leaders.
[B] papal seats in both Avignon and Rome
[C] the immediate success of reforms led by Wyclife and Hus
[D] a weakening of the faith of many Christians.
[E] increased prestige for secular rulers like the King of France
2. One cause of the English peasant rebellions like Wat Tyler’s in England or the Jacquerie France was
[A] a sharp rise in grain prices.
[B] the French victory at the Battle of Poitiers.
[C] attempts to freeze the wages of European peasants
[D] the execution of Wat Tyler.
[E] the excommunication of John Wyclife.
3. The direct cause of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France was
[A] Henry V’s great victory at Agincourt.
[B] King Philip of France’s seizure of the Pope.
[C] the English execution of Joan of Arc.
[D] King Edward III of England’s claim to French territory in Aquitaine
[E] King Edward III of England’s endorsement of Urban VI as the rightful pope.
4. The spread of literacy during the 1500s
[A] occurred only among the nobility and the clergy.
[B] was greatly helped by the development of the printing press.
[C] did not at all affect women.
[D] was hampered by the crises of the era.
[E] did not begin until the Protestant Reformation.
5. The Italian city-states forged alliances in order to maintain a balance of power,political/military tactic that
[A] successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy.
[B] was critical to the economic success of Italy.
[C] was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula.
[D] was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy.
[E] led to Venetian domination of the Italian peninsula.
6. The most essential similarity between Henry V of England and Joan of Arc of France?
[A]Both were seen as mighty warriors
[B]They governed with exceptional wisdom for such young people
[C]They became martyrs and Joan, many years later, became a saint
[D]Both rose from relatively humble beginnings
[E]They became symbols of an early but very powerful nationalism
7. The Renaissance attitude toward mankind was that it
[A] remained deeply affected by Adam and Eve’s fall.
[B] was fundamentally corrupt.
[C] was fundamentally good.
[D] was fixed and unchangeable.
[E] was incapable of improvement.
8. Northern humanists, like More and Erasmus, are best identified with (re-worded):
[A] a concern for the improvement of society in general.
[B] Christian humility.
[C] a glorification of individual genius.
[D] rejection of Scriptural authority.
[E] the attempt to use art to educate the urban masses.
9. The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class--merchants and bankers-- by
[A] lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry.
[B] opening up officerships in the Navy to them.
[C] restricting the wages of the working classes.
[D] promoting peace and social order.
[E] reforming the church.
10. Thomas Kempis’s Brethren of the Common Life represent
[A] a typical response of the papacy to the Reformation.
[B] the extent of Protestant conversions in Italy.
[C] an example of pre-Reformation reform movements within the Church.
[D] the persistence of Lollardism in England.
[E] the power and appeal of John Calvin’s message.
12. According to Calvin, the Elect were
[A] the intellectual leaders of the Reformation.
[B] those individuals predestined for salvation.
[C] the elected ministers of the church.
[D] all Protestants.
[E] the leaders of the Genevan Consistory.
13. The Protestant Reformation in the Hapsburg Empire
[A] weakened the power of secular states.
[B] contributed to its continued fragmentation and disunity
[C] helped pave the way for a unified nation.
[D] destroyed Habsburg influence in the Empire.
[E] did not take root.
14. The actions of the Council of Trent included all of the following except
[A] requiring bishops to reside in their dioceses.
[B] affirming the seven sacraments.
[C] ordering priests to give up their concubines.
[D] ending the Catholic teaching on transubstantiation.
[E] affirming the equal validity of Scripture and Church tradition as authorities for Christians.
15. In Appeal to the German Nobility, Luther’s ideas about Papal exploitation of German wealth
[A] led to administrative reform in the Empire.
[B] were met with dismay by the ruling elite.
[C] are generally considered paranoid by modern historians.
[D] found an audience only among the peasantry.
[E] appealed to the political aspirations of North German princes.
16. The seizure of English monasteries’ lands
[A] resulted in a more equitable distribution of land.
[B] resulted from Henry VIII’s desire to confiscate their wealth.
[C] deeply disturbed the English upper classes.
[D] was reversed by Elizabeth I.
[E] was the result of rebellious activities by the monks.
17. 0n religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
[A] favored Catholics over Protestants.
[B] supported the efforts of the Puritans.
[C] emphasized personal and public religious conformity.
[D] was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.
[E] imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England.
18. “...We say, then, that Scripture clearly proves this much, that God by his eternal and immutable counsel determined once for all those whom it was his pleasure one day to admit to salvation, and those whom, on the other hand, it was his pleasure to doom to destruction.”
The above was most likely written by
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[A]Angela Merici
[B]John Calvin
[C]Martin Luther
[D]Thomas Cromwell
[E]Pope Leo X
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19. The Edict of Nantes
[A]expelled the Huguenots from France
[B]allowed French kings to name bishops
[C]led to the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
[D]made Catholicism the state religion of France
[E]allowed Huguenots religious toleration
20. The Thirty Years War was made deadly by all of the following EXCEPT FOR
[A]the religious hatred that characterized the opposing armies
[B]the immense size and destructive power of the armies
[C]the reliability and deadly accuracy of the new matchlock muskets
[D]the civilian casualties the war generated
[E]the famine and disease that accompanied destruction of farmland
21. Richelieu of France showed he was truly a politique when he
[A]took over the negotiations for the Treaty of Westphalia
[B]issued the Edict of Nantes
[C]committed France to the Protestant side in the Thirty Years War
[D]allied France with England in the days before the sailing of the Armada
[E]drove the Huguenots out of France
22.
XXVIII.
That those of the Confession of Augsburg, and particularly the Inhabitants of Oppenheim, shall be put in possession again of their Churches, and Ecclesiastical Estates, as they were in the Year 1624. as also that all others of the said Confession of Augsburg, who shall demand it, shall have the free Exercise of their Religion, as well in publick Churches at the appointed Hours, as in private in their own Houses, or in others chosen for this purpose by their Ministers, or by those of their Neighbours, preaching the Word of God
The passage above, taken from the Treaty of Westphalia, can be interpreted as
[A]guaranteeing the survival of Lutheranism
[B]crippling the international influence of the Hapsburgs
[C]evidence of the motivations for Richelieu’s entering the war
[D]establishing the independence of the new nation of Holland
[E]virtually destroying the independence of the German states
23. The Reconquista refers to the period in Spanish history when
[A]Spanish monarchs, along with the Inquisition, expelled Jews and Muslims
[B]Cortes, Pizarro and others subjugated the people and the lands of the Americas
[C]Inflation, largely caused by Mexican silver, began the long decline of Spain
[D]Spanish Christians gradually won their nation back from Moorish Muslims
[E]Jews were expelled from Spain
24. The policies of France’s Henry IV can be characterized by all of the following except
[A] reduction of taxes on the peasants.
[B] organization of a country-wide road system.
[C] a foreign policy marked by frequent wars of conquest.
[D] bringing peace and reconciliation between religious groups.
[E] support for economic growth.
25. The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
[A] only in England was a limited, constitutional monarchy possible.
[B] Parliament ruled by divine right.
[C] kings ruled by divine right.
[D] the power of the ruler was absolute so as to prevent anarchy.
[E] mankind is inherently good and requires no formal government.
26. Which of these is one of the features of the theory of mercantilism?
[A] overseas colonies were an unwanted drain of valuable gold bullion.
[B] colonies should be acquired to strengthen the economy of the mother country
[C] free trade, without governmental intervening, would maximize the wealth of all nations.
[D] maintaining a surplus of gold can only hurt international trade.
[E] imports and exports should be equally balanced.
27. As a consequence of England’s Glorious Revolution,
[A]Oliver Cromwell was overthrown
[B]High Church Anglicanism was once again the state religion
[C]Charles I was removed from the throne
[D]the principle of constitutional monarchy was established
[E]the Stuart kings first came to power
28. John Locke was the great spokesman
[A] for the constitutionalism introduced with the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
[B] who defended James I’s absolutist claims.
[C] who justified the execution of Charles I on charges of treason.
[D] for Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate, or Commonwealth.
[E] for the Divine Right theory claimed by the Stuarts.
29. The spark that caused the English Glorious Revolution was the
[A] conflict over taxation between Charles II and Parliament.
[B] 1640 uprising in Ireland.
[C] fear of a Catholic dynasty being established by James II.
[D] defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession.
[E] economic dislocation that had resulted from the civil war.
30. The reign of Peter the Great was characterized by
[A] incessant warfare.
[B] relative peace.
[C] noble rebellion.
[D] a decrease in taxes.
[E] economic and social transformation.
31. Peter’s involvement in the Great Northern War was a consequence of
[A] closer trade ties with Britain.
[B] his attempt to westernize Russia. (*”Window on the West”)
[C] his adherence to an aggressive alliance against Sweden.
[D] Russia’s losses in the previous war with the Ottoman Empire.
[E] the aggression of the Swedes
32. Which power had the most efficient military in Europe, man for man, in the early 1700s?
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[A] France.
[B] Prussia.
[C] The Ottoman Empire.
[D] Russia.
[E] Britain.
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33. After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649,
England was governed for a decade by
[A]a representative democracy
[B]a prince-regent
[C]a constitutional monarchy under William and Mary
[D]a commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell and his son (*really, a dictatorship)
[E]the Stuart kings of Scotland
34. The findings of Copernicus, Brahe, Galileo and Kepler were synthesized by
[A]Isaac Newton
[B]Francis Bacon
[C]Pierre LaPlace
[D]Antoine Lavoisier
[E]John Locke
35. The philosophes’ attitude toward God can best be described as
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[A]deistic
[B]atheistic
[C]agnostic
[D]hostile toward Catholics
[E]supportive of the Protestant Reformation
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36. “...when the legislative and executive powers are vested in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty.” This best expresses the work of the Enlightenment figure
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[A]Jean-Jacques Rousseau
[B]the Baron de Montesquieu
[C]John Locke
[D]Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
[E]Thomas Hobbes
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37. The Prussian King Frederick the Great showed Enlightenment ideals best in his
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[A]religious tolerance
[B]freeing of serfs
[C]conduct of war
[D]support of science
[E]separation of powers
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38. Which of the following would not have been a central tenet (principle) of the
Enlightenment?
[A]the necessity for religious faith
[B]tolerance of other cultures and beliefs
[C]applying science to human society
[D]God as Creator of the universe
[E]a preference for democracy over absolutism
39. He argued that the best way to discover truth “derives...from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent so that it arrives at the most general of axioms last of all.”
[A]Isaac Newton
[B]Nicholas Copernicus
[C]John Locke
[D]Rene Descartes
[E]Francis Bacon (*Inductive reasoning)
40. It is most probable that the rise in illegitimate births
in the 18th century was due to
[A]more accurate record-keeping at the parish level
[B]the new mobility of workers, who were freed from
traditional values
[C]the none-too-reliable methods of birth control
then practiced
[D]later marriage among both the rural and urban poor
[E]the lax morality modeled by the French Revolution
41. One positive change in European diets during the 1700s was
[A]replacement of coarse bread with white bread
[B]the popularity of milk among the peasantry
[C]greater variety and availability of vegetables
[D]a decline in sugar consumption
[E]much more beef and poultry in peasant diets
42. Before 1750, European marriages were unique when compared to those of other cultures because
[A]couples were permitted to “experiment” sexually before marriage
[B]marriages were based on love rather than on financial values
[C]marriage between social classes was nonexistent
[D]married couples usually lived at home with the groom’s parents
[E]men married at an older age, once they were “established”
43. Which of the following would NOT have been a feature of 18th-century liberalism?
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[A]freedom of speech
[B]equal treatment under the law
[C]an uncensored press
[D]economic equality
[E]economic freedom
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44. Which of the following came first?
[A]the Thermidorean Reaction
[B]the Tennis Court Oath
[C]the Reign of Terror
[D]Napoleon’s coronation as emperor
[E]The execution of Louis XVI
45. The power of the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre, was at its peak during which phase of the French Revolution?
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[A]outbreak/change of government
[B]moderate, constitutional phase
[C]radical, violent phase
[D]the return of conservatism.
[E]long-term one-man rule
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46. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which made priests employees of the State, would have most upset which social class--the group most faithful to “Mother Church?”
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[A]the nobility
[B]the sans-culottes
[C]the bourgeoisie
[D]the peasantry
[E]the proletariat
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47. The Civil Code of 1804, in Napoleon’s eyes, illustrated which classical liberal ideal?
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[A]the separation of powers
[B]liberty of self-expression
[C]equality under the law
[D]a government representing the people
[E]universal manhood suffrage
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48. The enclosure movement led to all of the following except
[A]The creation of an industrial work force
[B]The application of new farming methods
[C]an increased food supply in Britain
[D]an increase in the number of peasant landowners
[E]a general rise in the British population.
49. Which of the following was a major social effect felt in the early part of the Industrial Revolution by individuals and families accustomed to traditional agricultural labor?
[A]a drastic change in the speed and discipline of work
[B]the immediate extinction of the family as a productive unit
[C]a remarkable decline in the number of illegitimate births
[D]rapid improvement in workers’ wages
[E]increase in the average male age at first marriage
50. The Chartists sought to improve workers’ conditions by
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[A]sabotaging the new machinery
[B]forming craft unions
[C]seeking the vote
[D]cutting the hours in a workday
[E]outlawing child labor
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51. It was a Friedrich List who encouraged the advancement of the economy of the future nation of Germany by
[A]the forming of the Credit Mobilier
[B]the German zollverein
[C]the production of steel rather than textiles
[D]“hiring away” British technologists
[E]emphasis on agriculture over industry
52. According to economist David Ricardo
[A]wages will always remain at subsistence level
[B]industry is critical to national self-defense
[C]only the free market should regulate the economy
[D]population will always outstrip food supply
[E]the businessman should extract maximum profit from his workers
53. British economist Thomas Malthus argued that
[A]population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels.
[B]using young children in factories was immoral.
[C]population always grew faster than the food supply.
[D]the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity.
[E]Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting.
54. This conservative, representing the Hapsburgs’ interests, would emerge as the dominant spokesman in European politics during and after the Congress of Vienna:
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[A]Talleyrand, of France
[B]Mazzini, of Italy
[C]Louis XVIII, of France
[D]Metternich, of Austria
[E]Bismarck, of Prussia
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55. American President Franklin Roosevelt would incorporate the ideals of ______’s national workshops into his “New Deal” programs, which put the unemployed back to work:
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[A]Louis Blanc
[B]Karl Marx
[C]Charles X
[D]Giuseppe Mazzini
[E]Victor Hugo
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56. This British political cartoon depicts a starvingcitizen: logically, then, this cartoon would favor repealing which of the following measures?
[A]the Reform Bill of 1832
[B]the Factory Act
[C]the Corn Laws
[D]the Catholic Emancipation Act
[E]the Abolition of Slavery Act
57. Romanticism can best be seen as a revolt against
[A]the Enlightenment’s rationalism
[B]the anarchy of the Napoleonic Wars
[C]the ideals of Classical Liberalism
[D]the concept of absolute monarchy
[E]the open expression of human emotion
58. The term sturm und drang would best be connected to which other19th-century idea—partly inspired by the work of Malthus and Ricardo?
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[A]universal suffrage
[B]social equality
[C]“survival of the fittest”
[D]utopian socialism
[E]appeals for international peace
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59. One factor that was a “precondition,” or contributing cause, to the revolutions of 1848 throughout Europe was